TELECOMMUNICATIONS

PRESENTED BY
ENG: Magdy Khalil
 TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Telecommunications is a means of
communications for transfer of:
1. Voice
2. Data
3. Video
In various modes:
1. Point to Point
2. Conferencing Mode
 Units
• 1 Hertz = 1 Cycle Per Second
• 1 Kilo Hertz = 1000 Hertz
• 1 Mega Hertz = 1000 Hertz
• 1 Giga Hertz = 1000 Mega Hertz
• 1 Terra Hertz = 1000 Giga Hertz
Digital Hierarchy is same replace Hertz with
Bit.
1 Byte = 8 Bits
 Units
• Impedance is measured in Ohms. Z= R+X (Reactive
Impedance)
• Gain or loss is measured in Decibels x=10*Log10
(P2/P1) dB where x is a power ratio P1 is input power
and P2 is output power
• dBm is power units referred 1 Mili Watt Power ( 1 Watt =
1000 Mili Watt = 1000000 Micro Watt = 1000000000
Pico Watt)
 Point to Point Communications
Telephone
Local Exchange
User 1 User 2
(Local Switch)

User 1 dials User 2 Telephone number. Dialed digits are

processed and Connection point identified a 75 Volts r.m.s.
16 Hertz ring is passed to the called party. Called party
answers the phone and ring is stopped, a Battery Reversal
of -48 Volts D.C. is sent to the Local Originating exchange
to start the metering pulse. For Local Calls a 3 Minute pulse
is used to register 1 Call Unit. After communication is over
the called party places the phone on hook the call is
disconnected and metering is stopped.
 Characteristics of Telephone Line
• 600 ohms (Impedance) Balanced Line
• Ring Block Condenser 2.2 Micro Farad
• Return Loss Minimum 18 dB without Ring Block
Condensers
• Go and Return path isolation of minimum 30 dB
is required
• Bandwidth of voice channel is 300 Hertz to 3400
Hertz and 800 Hertz is the reference frequency
to measure attenuation distortion and must
comply with ITU-T specifications.
 CONFERENCE MODE

USER USER
USER USER
2 3
4 n

USER
1

When number of users communicate simultaneously

with each other it is conference mode.
Poor Subscriber Line Symptoms
• Poor Return Loss results in Loop Singing and
Echo
• Data Errors increase
• Voice gets muffled
• Video cannot be transmitted even on a short line
• Short line is less than 1 Km distance from
exchange
• Long line maximum length is 4.5 Kms on 0.5 mm
Copper Pair
Frequency Capabilities of 0.45 mm
Copper Pairs
• Upto 1 Km distance Nyquist Frequency is
2.048 MBPS and a Primary Rate Interface
can be provided upto 10% pairs on a 600
Pair Cable.
• Basic Rate Interface 144 KBPS can be
provided upto 3 Kms from the exchange
• 64 KBPS data line can be provided upto
distance 4.5 Kms
 Voice and Signaling
• 2 Wire subscriber line carries duplex voice
and D.C.Loop Signaling
• After the trunk exchange go and return
paths are separated and 6 Wires are used
for Terrestrial Circuits and 7 Wires are
used for Satellite Circuits
• 2 wires for used for 4WT, 2 Wires for 4WR
and 1 Wire for E-Signaling 1 Wire for M-
Signaling
 Voice and Signaling
Speech L.E.2 L.E. n
2 Wire Trans Local
User Exchange
10 ips L.E.1
Dialer 2 Wire Receive Local Transit
-48 VDC Feed Exchange
DC Loop Signaling
75 Volts rms and 16 Hertz Ringing Voltage
(Can Give Severe Shock)
Optical Fiber
Links Between
Trunk Exchanges
Exchange
1
Trunk
Trunk Exchange
Trunk Transit
Exchange n
2
 Voice and Signaling
Trunk MDF
Trunk Transit 2W to
4W Transmission
2W Center
E/M
T/R
4W Trans (2W)
4W Receive(2W)
Send Lead (M)(1W)
Receive Lead (M)(1W)
Echo suppressor Enable
Disable wire
Satellite circuits require 7 wires and 7th wire is used to disable echo
Suppressor during dialing and enable when speech is established.
Logic is derived from 6 wires.
 Voice and Signaling
Trunk MDF
Trunk Transit 2W to
4W Transmission
2W Center
E/M
T/R

PCM uses 30 Voice Channels Speech is limited

1 Channel is used for signaling To 300 Hertz
1 Channel is used for supervisory 3400 Hertz
3825 Hertz is
used for signaling.
Analog systems are used in old type of networks 3825 presence is for idle
Whereas digital systems use PCM right in the circuit
Exchanges.
ISDN exchanges used even higher order multiplexers within the exchange.
 Band Limiting of Voice
• Human Voice normally comprises of signals upto 8KHz
but this is limited to 3400 Hertz so that less bandwidth is
used to transfer voice over communication channels.
• Band limiting takes place at the first modulation or
sampling point.
• In PCM systems voice is sampled at 2 times the
frequency and this is 8 KBPS.
• Then each sample is quantized into 8 bits and 1 speech
channel requires 64 KBPS Bandwidth.
• Adaptive Differential PCM systems use 32 KBPS and 16
KBPS rates. Systems are also available at 8 KBPS per
voice channel but intelligibility and voice quality goes
down very sharply.
 Band Limiting of Voice
• TASI system where silence period of one channel is used by
another channel and 50% more signals can be transmitted
over the same bandwidth results in further bandwidth
compression.
• A number of algorithms are being developed for making
speech toll quality over very small bandwidth but if called
party is not able to recognize speech of calling party he/she
does not feel comfortable.
• GSM channels use 8 KBPS bandwidth per speech channel
and that is why sometimes you feel difficult to recognize voice
on GSM circuits.
• CDMA systems used band limiting to suppress other
channels. On busy routes CDMA voice quality becomes
extremely poor and system is not very successful as the traffic
builds up.
 Voice Encryption
• On Military and VIP circuits security of communications
is very important so voice is encrypted at the source. A
sampled voice signal is sampled with a known sequence
of pulses at the sending point.
• At the receive end this signal is reconstructed as the
receiver knows the algorithm of the sending point. This
system is not usually compatible with systems using
different equipments and same equipment is required at
both ends.
• Hot lines which require no dialing mostly use this type of
encryption systems. It is possible to frequently change
the algorithms for reasons of security.
Voice Monitoring and Recording
• Voice circuits or sometimes monitored by
law agencies and require special
monitoring and call tracing equipments.
• Now using GPS systems on GSM and
CDMA networks it is possible to locate the
position of the user.
• Voice channels also put on 24 hours
recording by law making agencies.
 Establishing a Local Call

Local Exchange

Dialed Number
Subscriber Meter detects reversal Ring
Goes Off Hook. Goes Off Hook
Dialing And does 3 minute timed metering.
A Battery
Reversal is sent
To exchange
Establishing a Trunk Call Satellite
Link

Local Trunk Transmission

Exchange Exchange Center

New Delhi

Fiber Optic Cable

Microwave
Systems
Local Trunk Transmission
Exchange Exchange Center

Mumbai
Telecommunications Major Network
Elements
• Switching: a. Local Exchange b. Local Transit c.
Trunk Exchange d. International Exchange e.
International Toll/Transit Switch f. Remote
Switching Unit / Remote Switching Module.
Major Switches are:
• 5ESS – Lucent Switch
• OCB 283 –Alcatel Switch
• AXE- Ericsson Switch
• NEAX 61- NEC Switch
• Siemens ISDN Switch
• Nokia – Small Switch
Telecommunications Major Network
Elements
• Surveillance Systems: Transmission Surveillance
Systems, Switching Surveillance Systems
• Transmission: a. Microwave Systems b. Fiber Optic
Systems c. Satellite Systems d. Spread Spectrum e.
LMDS
• Centralized Monitoring and Network Management
Systems
• Autrax and ATTM’s
• GSM Phase II Networks: a) MSC b) BSC c) BTS
Capable of carrying 8 KBPS Voice or 1200 BPS Data
* GSM Phase III Networks: Capable of carrying 64 KBPS
signals with slow speed video, voice and data
Telecommunications Major Network
Elements
• CDMA Systems
• UHF and VHF Systems
• Subscriber Carrier Systems 1+1, DSL and ADSL
• Fiber Optic Cable to the Curb and Home
• D.C. Feed Systems and Bus Bars
• Power Plants
• Billing Systems
• Revenue Reconciliation Systems
 Local Area Call Routing
Local
Local Local
Exchange 1
Exchange 3 Exchange 4

Blue Lines
Local Star Connectivity
Exchange 2 Local Transit

Local
Exchange 5
Local
Exchange 6 Local
Exchange n Fiber Optic Ring Connectivity

Ring, Star and Mesh Connectivity for Routing of Calls

 Trunk Transit International
Connectivity
Local
Exchange Trunk
Exchange
Local International
Transit Trunk Toll
Transit Transit
Exchange

Trunk
Exchange n
 Charging Methods
• Multimetering: Multimetering handles local,
national and international calls. Charges
can be done for regular call units or
supplementary services. Multimetering
does not support detailed billing.
• Automatic Message Accounting: (AMA)
Supports Detailed Billing for regular and
ISDN subscribers
 Types of Trunk Circuits
• Incoming Trunks: Trunk lines which dialing into the city
from long distance station in another city.
• Outgoing Trunks: The trunk lines going out to other
cities.
• 2-Way Trunks: Supports outgoing or incoming traffic on
the same trunk.
• PBX ( Private Business Exchange) indailing Trunks-DID
Trunks.
• Subscriber Trunks- Trunks terminating directly to the
subscriber.
• Announcement Trunks.
• Logical Test Port Trunks.
 You are here

Logical Test Port

Trunks Incoming Trunk

Outgoing Trunk
Logical
Test Different
Port Types of
New Delhi Two Way Trunks Mumbai Trunks
Trunk Trunk
Exchange Exchange

Announcement
system In-dialing
Trunks PBX Trunks are
given numbers
to identify them.
Announcement
Trunks Subscriber
Trunks
 COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALING
SYSTEM NO.7 (CCS7)
• Supports voice and data
• Links exchanges
• Supports Network Management Systems
High speed signaling system uses 64 KBPS link
speed. Types of association:
• Associated- signaling and speech paths are
same
• Non-Associated- signaling and speech paths are
not specified
• Quasi Associated-non associated with
predetermined signaling path.
 Signaling Network Elements
• SEP- Signaling End Point- Provides CCS
connections for speech circuits which terminate
at the exchange. This helps to complete the call.
• STP- Signaling Transfer Point-STP transfer
signaling messages from one link to another.
• STEP- Signaling Transfer and End Point- STEP
performs both SEP and STP functions. It
identifies and transfer messages which require
transfer and also uses signaling analysis to
terminate circuits to its own exchange.
 Point Code
• Every exchange in a CCS7 network is
identified by a number called point code.
• OPC- Originating Point Code-Each
signaling message has and OPC.
• DPC- Destination Point Code- Each
signaling message has a destination point
code.
• International Point codes are 14 bit length.
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model
Layer 7
Application Layer
Layer 6
Presentation Layer
Layer 5
Session Layer
Layer 4
Transport Layer
Layer3
Network Layer
Layer2
Data Link Layer
Layer 1
Physical Link Layer
 OSI Layers
• Layer 1- Physical Link Layer - This
supports all network electrical connectivity.
• Layer 2 - Data Link Layer – Exchange of
signals and error correction.
• Layer 3 – Network Layer – This isolates
the upper layers from physical and data
link. This layer is responsible for
establishing maintaining and terminating
connections.
 OSI Layers
• Layer 4 – Transport – This supports data
transfer, error recovery and flow control.
• Layer 5 – Session – It establishes manages and
terminates sessions between the applications.
• Layer 6 – Presentation- This makes application
processes independent of differences in data
representation.
• Layer 7 – Application – This is OSI user interface
layer and also supports distributed information
systems.
 Telephone Exchange Main
Systems
• Remote Switching Module
• Multi-Module Remote Switching Module
• Local Switching Module
• Host Switching Module
• Communication Module
• Administrative Module
 RSM
• RSM switches and terminates calls like
switching modules in the host exchange
and connected to a main exchange using
optical fiber links.

Optical Fiber Link

RSM Vasant Vihar
Vasant Kunj Exchange

N Subscribers
N Subscribers
 MMRSM
• MMRSM is actually upto 4 RSM’s in a
single location to serve many subscribers
in a remote area.
 Communication Module
• Provides connectivity to AM and SM/RSM
• Provides Network Timing Pulses
• Switches data time slots for
communication between SM’s
• Switches control time slots for inter
processor messages
 Administrative Module
• Provides call routing for trunks
• Controls Global system functions
• Allocates global resources
• Provides system maintenance
Pulse Code Modulation System
• Speech Signals are band limited by
passing them through a low pass filter
upto 3400 Hertz.
• They are sampled at 8000 Hertz clock and
each sample is quantized into 8 bits. Total
bit rate is 64 KBPS per speech channel
 PCM Block Schematic
Channel1
Speech Low pass
Sample Hold Analog
Filter Channel To
Gates Digital
Conversion Multi- HDB3
Channel 30 plexer Encoder
2.048
MBPS
Signaling
Input Ch 1
Signaling
Converter
Frame
Alignment
Ch 30 Transmit
Clock

Transmit Path Block Schematic

 PCM Block Schematic
Signaling Receive
Ch1
Output Clock Timing
Signaling Recovery
Converter

Ch30

Speech Digital
Output To
Low pass Channel
Analog
Filter Select Converter Demulti-
plexer Decoder
Ch30 2.048
MBPS

Frame Alignment
Word Detector

PCM Receive Path Block Schematic

 PCM 30 System
• PCM 30 could be part of Switch in a Digital
Switch
• PCM 30 could be used to form base-band
of Radio systems
• PCM30 could be Primary Multiplexer
system in a Long Haul Optical or
Microwave transmission system.
 Higher Order Systems

ITU-T Systems – India/ Bell Labs – USA/

Europe/ Australia Canada
Primary Multiplexer 2.048 MBPS (1 E1) 1.544 MBPS ( 1 T1)
Speech Channel 64 KBPS 56 KBPS
Second Order Multiplexer 8 MBPS (4 E1) 6.312 MBPS(4T1or DS2)
Third Order Multiplexer 34 MBPS 44.736 MBPS ( DS3)
Fourth Order Multiplexer 140 MBPS 274.176 MBPS (DS4)
SDH STM1 155.52 MBPS

SDH STM4 622 MBPS

SDH STM16 2.4 GBPS

SDH STM 64 10 GBPS

WDM 1.2 TERRA BIT

 Future Networks
• VOIP Systems
• Existing Systems will continue to function
for many years
• SDH will remain long distance backbone
• Undersea cables of 10 Terrabit Capacity
will be there to interconnect international
circuits
• Systems to support voice, data and video