Concepts of Water Supply

Network System Design

कवीन्द्र बिक्रम काकी

नगरकोट, आषाढ १३- १७, २०७४
 Looped Networks

This system is more reliable than dead end system

because it feeds water from different directions and if
the supply from one direction is broken down due to
various reasons, supply from another direction will
continue.
 Hydraulic Network Analysis

Methods of network analysis :

1. Hardy-Cross Method
2. Electrical Analogy Method developed by Mellroy
3. Graph Theory Approach
4. Iterative procedures such as Newton Raphson
Method using digital computers
 Hydraulic Network Analysis …
In any system of pipes connected together and
conveying water under pressure, the following three
laws are always applicable:
i. In each separate pipe or element comprising the
system there will be a relation between head loss in
the element and the quantity of water flowing
through it : HL = f(Q i )
2. At each junction, the algebraic sum of the
quantities of water entering and leaving the junction
is zero : Q k = 0
3. In any closed path or circuit or loop, the
algebraic sum of the head loss in the individual
elements is zero: HL = 0
 Hardy Cross Method for Looped
Network Analysis
In this method on the basis of pipe sizes chosen by the
engineer from experience the network balancing
reduces to a problem of solving a set of non-linear,
simultaneous equations in the pipe flows and pipe head
losses.
So these two methods deal with either balancing head
losses around loops by correcting assumed flows or
balancing flows at junctions by correcting assumed
head losses in the pipes.
For our network analysis purpose we will concentrate
on the first option.
Hardy-Cross method …..

h1 = h2 = h3 = hk > 0

Q k = 0
K
 Hardy Cross Method …

1. Balancing Heads by Correcting Assumed Flows:

When using this method, from knowledge of system
inflows and outflow, the flow in all the pipes of the
network are disturbed so as to meet continuity
constraints at all the nodes.
When inflows and outflows are explicitly known this will
involve assigning, as many flows as there are primary
loops in the system.
The requirement that the sum of head losses around all
primary loops should equal zero gives rise to a system
of as many equations.
 Hardy Cross Method …
1. Balancing Heads by Correcting Assumed Flows
A solution of the exactly determined system of non-
linear equalities is affected by a systemic relaxation in
the HC method.
In HC method of balancing heads, which is a controlled
trial and error process, the correction factor for
assumed flows (necessary formulations are made
algebraically consistently by arbitrarily assigning
positive and negative signs to anticlockwise flows and
associated headloss) Q in a circuit is calculated by the
formula:
Q= +(H)/[n *  (H/Q)]
Where, n = constant, 1.85 for Hazen William's formula
 Hardy Cross Method …

1. Balancing Heads by Correcting Assumed Flows

The assumed flows are corrected accordingly and the
procedure repeated until the required degree of
precision is reached. The sequential steps are
presented below:
1. Assume suitable valued of flow Q in each pipeline
such that the flows coming into each junction of the
loop are equal to flows leaving the junction.
2. Assign positive sign to all clockwise flows and
negative sign to all anti clock wise
 Hardy Cross Method …
14m3/min 2.5m3/min 2.2m3/mi
n
H
G I

9.8(1)
6.9(2)
6.5(3)
6.3(4)
9.3(1)
7.9(2)
7.2(3)
7.0(4)
4.7(1) 2.0(1)
6.1(2) 3.5(2)
6.8(3) 3.2(3)
7.0(4) 3.2(4) 12 (1) 9.1(2)
2.0 8.7(3)
m3/min 8.5(4)
7.0(1)

9.0(2)
8.4(2)
9.1(3)
9.5(4)

7.5(1)

9.5(3)
9.7(4)

F B A
2.3m3/mi E 1.5(1)
n 1.4(2) Inflow

13.0(1)
15.9(2)
16.3(3)
16.5(4)
0.5(1) 1.6(3) 25m3/min
0.6(2) 1.6(4)
0.4(3) D C
1.5
0.4(4)
m3/min 0.5 m3/min
1.0(1)
0.9(2)
1.1(3)
1.1(4)
 Hardy Cross Method …

1. Balancing Heads by Correcting Assumed Flows:

3. Compute the head loss H in each pipe by use of the
friction formulae with the help of chart or monogram
giving the same sign as for the flows.
4. Compute H (i.e. algebraic sum of head losses)
around each loop and if this is nearly equal to zero in
all loops (within allowable limits of ± 0.15), the
assumed flow are correct.
Design Example:
 Pipe Equations
Hazen Williams Formula:
(1) Velocity • VαC
• VαS

k = conversion factor for the unit system (k = 1.318 for US

customary units, k = 0.849 for SI units)
C = roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic radius
S = slope of the energy line (head loss per length of pipe or hf/L)
 Pipe Equations

(2) Headloss
In SI Units

where:
hf = head loss over a length of pipe
L = length of pipe
Q = volumetric flow rate
d = inside pipe diameter

• H α L
f

• H α Q (V)
f

• H α 1/d
f
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