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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Introduction
Nirtating Agents
Mechanism For Nitration
Kinetics of Aromatic Nitration
Equipments For Nitration Processes
Industrial Application
1. Ionic or
2. Free-radical.
Batch Nitration
Continuous Nitration
• Can use reactants in any state including solids. • Automated process requires less labour.
Risk
More
High
No
A
Slow
Automated
Larger
variety
expensive
of
cost
capital
reactions
contamination
workforce
effective
ofprocess
cost
different
‘down
canofbe
if
required.
time’
requires
setting
iflarge
carried
products
more
when
quantities
up
than
less
out.
plant
the
can
labour.
one
plant.
be
isthan
of
not
made
chemical
being
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product
used.
are
thebeing
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in reaction
Costs
Expensive
Can be
use
rise
difficult
reactants
ifdown
planttime
to
not
incontrol
any
operated
whilestate
highly
reactor
including
continuously.
exothermic
is being
solids.
filled
reactions.
and emptied.
vessel
BATCH VERSUS CONTINUOUS
PROCESSES:
ADVANTAGES OF CONTINUOUS
PROCESSES:
Degree of agitations
Control of temperature
Advantages of coils:
High coolant velocity is possible
More compact so can be installed anywhere in the tank.
Disadvantages of coils:
Fouling& scaling problem. Cleaning is no easy.
Ch.E-305 Muhammad Asif Akhtar 43
CONTINUOUS NITRATION
1. Single impeller
2. Double impeller
3. Propeller or turbine with cooling sleeve,
a) Nitration
b) Washing of crude nitrobenzene…
c) Distillation to separate the water‚ benzene and
dinitrobenzene.
HNO3 27 to 32 wt %
H2SO4 56 to 60 wt %
H2O 8 to 17 wt %
HNO3 20 to 26 wt %
H2SO4 56 to 65 wt %
H2O 15 to 18 wt %