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Chapter 11 – AC Power
Analysis
1
Outlines
2
11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (1)
• The instantaneous power (p(t))
p(t ) v(t ) i(t ) Vm I m cos (w t v ) cos (w t i )
1 1
Vm I m cos ( v i ) Vm I m cos (2w t v i )
2 2
Constant power Sinusoidal power at 2wt
p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is supplied by the circuit.
3
11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (2)
• The average power (P) is the average of the instantaneous
power over one period.
1 T 1
P
T 0
p(t ) dt Vm I m cos ( v i )
2
1. P is not time dependent.
2. When θv = θi , it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When θv– θi = ±90o, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.
4
11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (3)
Example 1
5
11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (4)
Example 2
6
11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (5)
Example 3
7
11.2 Maximum Average Power
Transfer (1)
The maximum average power
can be transferred to the load if:
Z L ZTh *
2
VTH
Pmax
8 R TH
1 2
Pmax I RL
2 8
11.2 Maximum Average Power
Transfer (2)
Example 4
For the circuit shown below, find the load impedance ZL that
absorbs the maximum average power. Calculate that maximum
average power.
9
11.3 Effective or RMS Value (1)
The rms value of a sinusoid i(t) = Imcos(wt)
is given by:
Im
I rms Note - - Ieff I rms
2
The average power can be written in terms of
the rms values:
1
P Vm I m cos (θ v θ i ) Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i )
2
Note: If you express amplitude of a phasor source(s) in rms, then all the
answers as a result of this phasor source(s) must also be in rms value.
10
11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (1)
• Apparent Power (S) is the product of the rms values of
voltage and current.
• It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from
the average or real power which is measured in watts.
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11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (2)
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11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (3)
Example 5
For the circuit shown below, calculate the power factor as seen
by the voltage source. What is the average power supplied by
the voltage source?
13
11.5 Complex Power (1)
Complex power (S) is the product of the voltage and the
complex conjugate of the current:
1
S V I Vrms I rms *
2
2
Vrms
S I rms Z
2
Z*
Note:
V Vmθ v I I mθi
S = P + j Q
P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is the only useful
power.
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and
the reactive part of the load. It is measured in volt-ampere-reactive (VAR).
• Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
• Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
• Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf).
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11.5 Complex Power (3)
S Vrms I rms cos (θ v θi ) j Vrms I rms sin (θ v θi )
S = P + j Q
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11.5 Complex Power (4)
S Vrms I rms cos (θ v θi ) j Vrms I rms sin (θ v θi )
S = P + j Q
– Determine:
• The complex and apparent powers.
• The real and reactive powers.
• The power factor and the load impedance.
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