Study on Modern Well

Test Analysis Applied

to Homogeneous
Multiple-Sealing Fault
Reservoirs

Lecturer: Hunter
Introduction And
Literature review
 This step has been achieved under
investigation of available geological and
geophysical exploration information to the
mentioned area focusing on UNITY oil
field R. Giedt (1990).
 Thomas J.Schul (1988) presented a
comprehensive study on Rift Basin of
Interior Sudan-Petroleum Exploration and
Discovery,
 Norman(1990) presented a study on
Unity oil Field Muglad Rift Basin
 I.M.Buhidma ands W.C.chu (1992)
presented state of the art computer
application of pressure transient
analysis.
 Horne (1994) has summarized
modern approaches to well test
analysis-using computers.
 1. Problem Statement
Sudan interior basin is part of a trend
of cretaceous sedimentary basin of
central Africa， located in a large area
of southwest Sudan, containing as
much as 5 kilometers of sediments in
the form of productive sand and
sandstone strata highly complicated
by faulting.
The explanation of how to
apply modern well test theory
to the above situation is the
main problem, in which the
research is stimulating the
investigation of both
establishing the type curves
and interpreting the well test
data.
 2. The Geological
Identification Of Well
Test Model
2.1 Physical Well Test Model:
This section is briefly generalizing the
geological description of well test
model for Sudan interior basin, which
is considered as a target problem of
this study for applying well test theory.
This part deals with the available
background knowledge of geological
and geophysical information of Sudan
interior basin focusing on unity area,
which is located in a large area of
southwest Sudan.
 2.2 Sudan interior basin:
The sedimentary basins of interior Sudan
are characterized by thick nonmarine
classic sequences of Jurassic-cretaceous
and tertiary age. Over 45,000 ft (13,716m)
of sediment was deposited in the deepest
trough and extensive basinal areas are
underlain by more than 20.000ft (6,096m)
of sedimentary rocks. Reservoir sandstones
have been found in a wide variety of
nonmarine sandstone facies.
 2.2 Sudan interior basin:
The extensional tectonism that formed these
basins in the Jurassic-early cretaceous,
movement along major fault trends continued
intermittently into Miocene. This deformation
resulted in a complex structural history that
leads to the formation of several deep faults –
bounded troughs, major inter basinal highs,
and complex basin flanks. This tectonism has
created a wide verity of structures many of
which have become effective hydrocarbon
traps. (See the figures below).
 Fig.(2-1) Structural profile across Abu Gabra
trend a part of Sudan interior basin, which

passes through several productive fault blocks.

Fig.(2-2) Seismic Section across Unity area
of southern Muglad
block passes through Unity Field.
Fig.(2-3) Seismic section across Higlig aria of southern
Mouglad Block

, Which passes through several productive fault blocks.

2.3 Sudan southwest
Reservoirs character:
The better reservoirs were deposited in the
more proximal alluvial and fluvial
environment the more distal lacustrine
environment generally lacked the energy
necessary to rework and clean up the
potential reservoir sands. These
sandstones exhibit good reservoir quality
at depths at which the typical Cretaceous
reservoirs are unattractive.
2.4 Unity Field-Reservoirs
Characteristics:

Fig.(2-4) Average value for both porosity and permeability

2.5 Unity Field-Oil characteristics:
Table (2-1) Unity oil field-Field classification

Basin Reservoir Environm Reservoir Petrole Trap Type

Type Rock ent of Age um
Type Depositio type
n

Rift Sandston Fluvial, Cretaceo Oil Faulted

e Marginal us Anticline
Fig(2-5) Interpretation Base map of one of Unity oil field layers, it is found that several main

faults are Relatively parallel, and other direction faults are intersected with them
2.6 Model Classification:
In general, the best way to recognize the
interpretation model that represents the
dynamic behavior of well and reservoir
during the test.

Concerning the petrophysics exploration

and geological description mentioned
above, we could identify the most common
well test model as a homogeneous
multiple-sealing-fault model
2.7 The Conception Of Homogeneous
Reservoir:

The simplest response is obtained for a

single permeability system, which
defines a reservoir with homogeneous
behavior .The term homogeneous does
not imply that reservoir properties are
homogeneous throughout, as in
mathematical derivation it indicates
that there is only one medium involved
in the flow process.
3.Mathematical model
3.1 Introduction to Homogeneous
behavior
Assumptions :
 (1) Fluid flow is single-phase and laminar-Darcy’s law
is valid.
 (2) Fluid is slightly compressible. Fluid compressibility
is small (not usually valid for gases).
 (3) Reservoir is of infinite lateral extent-closed top and
bottom boundaries.
 (4) Gravitational forces and thermal effects are
negligible.
 (5) The porosity of either medium (fissure or matrix) is
independent of pressure variations in the other.
 (6) Pressure gradients in the reservoir are small (this
may not be true in high rate wells or for gases)
3.2 Derivation of Diffusivity Equation
 Fluid flow in porous media is governed by
the diffusivity equation. To derive it in its
 simplest form, various assumptions and
simplifications have to be made, ie (1) the
 reservoir is homogeneous, isotropic and of
constant thickness,(2) the flow is horizontal,
 (3) the fluid is monophasic and slightly
compressible, (4) pressure gradients are
small, and Darcy’s Law applies.
 The diffusivity equation can be
derived by combining the law of
conservation of mass, Darcy’s law
and an equation of state.
3.3 Infinite Homogeneous reservoir:
Before establish the mathematical model,
its important to define previously a
group of dimensionless parameters as
follows:

Kh( pi  p) tD 
3.6 Kt
pD  Ct rw2
1.842  10 3 qB

r
rD 
rw
 Based on hypothesis’s (dimensionless
group) mentioned above and basis flow
equations through porous media,
mathematical model can be drawn as:

 pD
2
1 p D p D
 
rD
2
rD rD t D
The diffusivity equation above
defines how an element of reservoir
will react to a local pressure
disturbance. To completely define
the problem, the following
information needs to be defined:

pD (rD ,0)  0
3-Inner boundary condition:
  pD 
pwd   pD  S 
 r 

  D  rD 1

dp wD  p D 
CD  rD  1
dt D  rD  rD 1
4- outer boundary condition:

lim [ pD (rD , t D )]  0
rD 
3.4 Pressure affected by outer
boundary:

The effect of outer boundary on

characteristic of well testing type
curve can be demonstrated by
using the method of imagines and
the principle of superposition.
linear system:

 Linear sealing fault

 L2D  L
pwDb  0.5Ei   LD 
 tD  rw

L the distance from well to boundary, m

rw wellbore radius, m
Linear constant pressure

 L2D  L
pwDb  0.5Ei   LD 
 tD  rw

L the distance from well to boundary, m

rw wellbore radius ,m
4. The Analytical
Solution To The
Mathematical Model
 4.1 Solution to
Diffusivity Equation:
 Analytic solution will be presented for
homogeneous with boundary condition, the
validity of which are investigated. A brief
discussion on the application of Laplace
transforms, and inverse Laplace transforms
(Stehfest numerical inversion) will be
presented in obtaining a line source
solution for infinite homogeneous reservoir.
Skin effect and storage effect are also
included as a condition applied to obtain
solutions applicable to well test pressure
analysis.
4.2 Dimensionless
parameters:
 Dimensionless distance r
rD 
rw
 Dimensionless pressure
Kh
pD  ( pi  p)
1.842  10 qB
3

 Dimensionless time
3.6 Kh
tD 
C t rw
2
4.3 The Laplace
transforms:
 The Laplace transform of a function
(here the dimensionless pressure) is
the convolution of this function with
a negative exponential function. The
Laplace transform of a function is
represented with the same symbol,
with a "__"above it.
___   ut
p (u )  e p(t )dt
0
The main advantage of the Laplace
transform is that it will simplify the
equation, and that once the solution
is found in Laplace space the
reverse process is possible, either
analytically for simple solutions, or
numerically using algorithms
4.4 The Derivation of solving
mathematical Model:
 If is a dimensionless pressure at a point
in the sand and a function of time, then
its Laplace transformation is expressed by
the infinite integral

___ 

 ut D
pD  e pD dt D
0

Where the constant u in the relationship is referred to as the operator

4.5 Stehfest numerical
inversion method:
This method account is a simple way
among several applicable methods for
transforming Laplace space” to “real
space”.
The main formula:
N
ln( 2) ~
f (t )  
t i 1
V (i) f ( s)
 f (t ) the transformed real space function
~
f (s) The function in Laplace space

min( i , N / 2 )
k N / 2 (2k )!
V (i)  (1) N / 2i 
k ( i 1) / 2 ( N / 2  k )! k!(k  1)!(k  1)!(i  k )!(2k  i )!
 ln( 2)
S i
t
Where S is Laplace transform factor.

By using the main formula and given values

of t and i , the values of f(t) and Vi can be
calculated. Therefore, the value of the real
space function f(t) can be solved out.