Water

The next
WORLD WAR
will be over
WATER
-- UN GEN SECY KOFI ANNAN
WATER SCARCITY : NEED FOR
ENVIORNMENT CONSERVATION
۩ NO MATTER,
COURSES ARE
BEING RUN, WHERE
AWARENESS HAS BEEN
REALISED WRT
IMPORTANCE OF WATER.
PREVIEW
 WATER USAGE VS AVAILABILITY.
 INDIAN CONTEXT.
 CHALLENGES.
 WATER CONFLICTS.
 SOLUTION.
IS THERE REALLY A WATER CRISIS?
 OVER 1 BILLION PEOPLE LACK ACCESS TO SAFE WATER .
 2 OUT OF 3 PEOPLE WILL LIVE WITH WATER SHORTAGES BY 2025.
 HALF OF THE WORLD'S WETLANDS HAVE BEEN LOST SINCE 1900.
 BASIS FOR MOST FUTURE CONFLICTS IS “WITH THE GROWTH OF

DEMAND, THERE SHALL BE DECLINE IN FRESHWATER AVAILABILITY ,
ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS FROM POOR WATER QUALITY AND
ULTIMATELY SCARCITY WILL RESULT IN VIOLENCE AND WATER WARS.
YES
BUT
Why…?
INCREASING POPULATION WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON DEVELOPING NATIONS
THE GLOBAL SITUATION
THE GLOBAL SITUATION
• LESS THAN 3% OF THE WORLD’S

WATER IS FRESH – THE REST IS
SEAWATER & UNDRINKABLE.
• OF THIS 3% OVER 2.5% IS FROZEN,

LOCKED UP IN ANTARCTICA, THE ARCTIC
AND GLACIERS, AND NOT AVAILABLE TO
MAN.
• WE MUST RELY ON THIS 0.5% FOR ALL

OF MAN’S AND ECOSYSTEM’S FRESH
WATER NEEDS.
WORLD WATER USAGE
WORLD WATER USAGE
 TWO PREDOMINANT USAGE ARE INDUSTRIAL
AND AGRICULTURAL.
 RENEWABLE THROUGH TIME CONSUMING
NATURAL PROCESS. THEREFORE LIMITED
AVAILABILITY.
 WATER DEPENDENCE
 WATER STRESSED REGIONS.

THE INDIAN SITUATION
PM'S INDEPENDENCE DAY SPEECH
DR MANMOHAN SINGH, SAID:
“CLIMATE CHANGE IS THREATENING OUR ECOSYSTEMS; WATER

SCARCITY IS BECOMING A WAY OF LIFE AND POLLUTION IS A
GROWING THREAT TO OUR HEALTH AND HABITAT.”
INDIA HAS 16 % OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION AND 4% OF ITS FRESH
WATER RESOURCES.
WATER AVAILABILITY(RANK) SEVERE WATER STRESS
# 1 ICELAND : 294.34 TCM #1 ISRAEL : 100 %

# 23 INDIA : 80.2 %
# 89 CHINA : 1.72 TCM
# 36 CHINA : 44.7 %
# 93 INDIA : 1.56 TCM # 42 US : 31.3 %
# 141 BOTSWANA : -7.46 TCM # 51 UK : 21 %
• GROUNDWATER [DEPLETED] • POPULATION [ ]

• SURFACE WATER [POLLUTED] • DEMAND [ ]
• RAINFALL [WASTED] • CONSUMPTION [ ]
SCARCITY
• INDUSTRIAL GROWTH [ ]
• ECONOMY-INDUSTRY [ ]
• PVT WATER BUSINESS [ ]
• GROUND-WATER IS THE
MAJOR SOURCE OF WATER IN
OUR COUNTRY WITH 85% OF
THE POPULATION DEPENDENT.
• GROUND-WATER TABLE
DECLINE 33 CENTIMETERS PER
YEAR.
INDIAN GOVERNMENT
• INDIAN GOVERNMENT IS TOO FOCUSED ON ECONOMIC

GROWTH, INSTEAD OF FACILITATING BASIC HUMAN NEEDS.
• POOR WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.

• FRACTURED MANDATE AND PROMINANCE OF REGIONAL PARTIES
WILL MAKE RESOLUTION OF WATER CONFLICTS DIFFICULT.
• PACKAGE WATER INDUSTRIES ARE BEING ENCOURAGED.

HOW…?
[PROBLEM]
CHALLENGES
Challenges
CHALLENGES
Industries Over exploitation
Groundwater depletion
Pollution
Health Issues
Land Degraded
Groundwater & Surface water polluted
Agriculture Spoiled
CHALLENGES
GOVERNMENT
 INEFFICIENT GOVERNMENT – STATE CONSTRUCTION.
 LACK OF INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT.
 INADEQUATE ENFORCEMENT OF LEGISLATION RELATING TO WATER.
 INSUFFICIENT FACILITIES FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT.

CHALLENGES
PUBLIC
 WASTING WATER
 POLLUTING WATER
CHALLENGES
 CLIMATE CHANGE.
 BY 2020 INDIA WILL BECOME A WATER STRESSED NATION.
 66 MILLION INDIANS IN 20 STATES ARE AT RISK DUE TO FLUORIDE

CONTAMINATION.
 10 MILLION ALREADY DIED TO EXCESS ARSENIC IN GROUNDWATER.
 OUT OF THESE 6.3 LAKH RURAL SCHOOLS ONLY 44 % HAVE WATER

SUPPLY.
CHALLENGES
 37.7 MILLION INDIANS ARE AFFECTED BY WATERBORNE

DISEASES ANNUALLY.
 1.5 MILLION CHILDREN ARE ESTIMATED TO DIE OF DIARRHOEA

ALONE.
 180 MILLION WORKING DAYS ARE LOST DUE TO WATERBORNE

DISEASE EACH YEAR.
 1,95,813 HABITATIONS IN THE COUNTRY ARE AFFECTED BY

POOR WATER QUALITY.
CHALLENGES
 INDIAN RIVERS CARRY 90% OF THE WATER DURING THE
PERIOD FROM JUNE TO NOVEMBER, BUT ONLY 10% IS AVAILABLE
DURING THE OTHER SIX MONTHS.
 161 OF OUT OF APPROXIMATELY 600 DISTRICTS IN INDIA HAVE

BEEN DECLARED DROUGHT AFFECTED.
 90% OF THE SEWAGE GENERATED BY MUNICIPAL COUNCILS

AND OVER 50% OF SEWAGE DISCHARGED BY MUNICIPAL
CORPORATIONS GOES UNTREATED.
CHALLENGES
DRINKING WATER
 INADEQUATE AND INTERMITTENT SUPPLY OF DRINKING WATER.
 METALLIC AND BACTERIAL POLLUTION OF WATER.
 INADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY IN RURAL AND URBAN SLUM AREAS.
 LOSS OF WATER IN TRANSMISSION /DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE.
 LACK OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES FOR IMPROVEMENTS.

CHALLENGES
INDUSTRIAL WATER
 INADEQUATE ENFORCEMENT OF SPECIAL

WATER REGIME FOR INDUSTRIES REQUIRING
CONSIDERABLE AMOUNTS OF WATER.
 INABILITY OF MUNICIPAL WATER

SUPPLY ORGANIZATIONS TO MEET
INCREASING DEMANDS OF EXISTING AND
NEW INDUSTRIES.
CHALLENGES
 RIVER YAMUNA- “THE PRINCIPAL DRAIN FOR NEW DELHI’S

WASTE.”
 “RESIDENTS POUR 150 MILLION GALLONS OF SEWAGE INTO THE

RIVER EACH DAY.”
 “IN NEW DELHI THE YAMUNA ITSELF IS CLINICALLY DEAD.”
 RIVER GANGES- “RIVER OF DEAD BODIES”

CHALLENGES
 THE WORLD'S MOST POLLUTED PLACES

(TIMES SURVEY) SUKINDA, INDIA NUMBER OF
PEOPLE POTENTIALLY AFFECTED: 2,600,000
 GROUNDWATER IN SUKINDA IS BELIEVED TO BE CONTAMINATED

WITH CHROMIUM. SUKINDA, WHICH CONTAINS ONE OF THE
LARGEST OPEN CAST CHROMITE ORE MINES IN THE WORLD, 60% OF
THE DRINKING WATER CONTAINS HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM.
SCARCITY THE POTENTIAL CAUSE OF CONFLICT
WORLD WATER CONFLICTS
 FROM 3000 BC TILL 2009 – 203 CONFLICT OVER
WATER.
 THE MIDDLE EAST.
 THE JORDAN RIVER BASIN.(LEBANON, SYRIA, JORDAN,
ISRAEL)
 THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN. (TURKEY, SYRIA, IRAQ)
 IRAQ.
 GULF WAR,US BOMBS WATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
 AFRICA.
 NILE RIVER BASIN. (EGYPT, SUDAN, ETHIOPIA, UGANDA)
 ASIA.
 INDUS RIVER BASIN.(INDIA & PAKISTAN)
 GANGES RIVER BASIN.(INDIA AND BANGLADESH)
DENSITY OF CONFLICT
 WATER RESOURCE BEING COMPARED TO OIL.
 UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION AMONG COUNTRIES

LEADS TO IMBALANCE.
THE POTENTIAL CAUSES
CONTENDING WATER USES

■ WATER IS A COMMON POOL RESOURCE.
■ CONTENTION BETWEEN DIFFERENT KINDS OF USES AND

USERS, PRESENT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS.
■ THE ISSUE IS ONE OF RAPIDLY DECREASING WATER SUPPLY

AMIDST A GROWING NUMBER OF USERS WHO REQUIRE LARGER
QUANTITIES WITH EVERY PASSING YEAR.
POPULATION GROWTH & DEMAND

♦ GROWING POPULATION AND CHANGING VALUES HAVE

INCREASED PRESSURE ON EXISTING WATER SUPPLIES.
♦ URBAN NEEDS OFTEN CONFLICT WITH AGRICULTURAL

NEEDS, AS WELL AS WITH INCREASED DEMAND FOR WATER
FOR ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION, AND SCENIC
ENJOYMENT.
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
 ALMOST 70% OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

CONTAMINATED.
 A GROWING NUMBER OF ITS GROUNDWATER RESERVES ARE
ALREADY CONTAMINATED BY BIOLOGICAL, TOXIC ORGANIC
AND INORGANIC POLLUTANTS.
 UNSAFE FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION AS WELL AS FOR OTHER
ACTIVITIES SUCH AS IRRIGATION AND INDUSTRIAL NEEDS.
POLLUTION
DAMS AND DISPLACEMENT

 INDIA IS THE THIRD LARGEST DAM BUILDER COUNTRY IN THE

WORLD. IT NOW HAS OVER 3600 LARGE DAMS AND OVER 700
MORE UNDER CONSTRUCTION.
 THE DISPLACEMENT CAUSED BY LARGE SCALE IRRIGATION

AND HYDRO-PROJECTS.
 DISPLACEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT OF PEOPLE IS THE

LEAST CONCERN OF LARGE DAM BUILDERS.
POLLUTION
TRANS BOUNDRY DISPUTES

 DISPUTES OVER SHARED WATER RESOURCES HAVE A LONG

HISTORY.
 INTER-STATE AND INTER-COUNTRY DISPUTE.
 ACCESS TO WATER HAS BEEN A SOURCE OF DISPUTE AND

CONTENTION.
FLASH POINTS
INDO-BANGLADESH WATER SHARING
INDO-BANGLADESH ISSUE
 GANGA ACTS AS IB FOR 129 KM.

 FLOWS 113 KM IN BANGLADESH.
 FIRST DISTRIBUTRY AT PAKUR – BHAGIRATHI
RIVER – HOOGLY RIVER.
 FARAKKA BARRAGE BUILT IN 1974.
 PERMITTED CONSTR OF BARRAGES IN
BANGLADESH.
 NO MAJ ISSUES AS ON DT.
 MAY DEVELOP INTO CONFRONTATION IF
SOURCE DEPLETES OR EXCESSIVE
CONTAMINATION.
INDO-PAK ISSUE
INDO-PAK ISSUE
 INVOLVES SIX RIVERS FLOWING THROUGH
STATES OF J & K AND PUNJAB.
 INDUS WATER TREATY OF 1960.
 INDIA HAS RIGHTS TO USE WATERS OF SUTLEJ,
BEAS AND RAVI.
 INDUS, CHENAB AND JHELUM TO BE USED BY
PAKISTAN.
INDO-PAK ISSUE : BAGLIHAR DAM
 HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT ON CHENAB IN

DODA DIST.
 STARTED IN 1990 AND FIRST PHASE
COMPLETED IN 2008.
 IN 2003 PAKISTAN APPROACHED WORLD BANK
FOR MEDIATION.
 PROF RAYMOND LAFITE APPT. REJECTED MOST
OF THE PAK OBJECTIONS.
 INDIA ASKED TO MAKE MINOR CHANGES – DAM
HEIGHT REDUCED BY 1.5 MTR.
INDO-PAK : PERCIEVED THREAT
 NOT HAPPY WITH LAFITTE’S AWARD.
 INDIA TRYING TO SUFFOCATE PAK ECONOMY.
 CONSIDERS THE BUILDING OF 52 DAMS AS A
THREAT.
 ACCUSES INDIA OF USING 80% OF CHENAB AND
60% OF JHELUM.
 TULBUL NAVIGATION PROJECT AND KISHAN
GANGA HYDRO-POWER PROJECT SUSPENDED.
INDO-CHINA WATER CRISIS
INDO-CHINA WATER CRISIS
INDO-CHINA
 CHINA UPPER RIPARIAN STATE.
 PROVIDING CLEAN WATER TO 1.3 BILLION
RESIDENTS A CHALLENGE.
 400 OUT OF 600 CHINESE CITIES FACING WATER
SCARCITY.
 CHINESE BUILDING A DAM ON TSANGPO.
 CHINA BUILDING DAM OVER IRTYSH RIVER,
SENGE-ALI RIVER AND MEKONG RIVER.
CHINA : THE GREAT WESTERN DIVERSION
 CHINA TO CONSTR 40,000 MW PLANT ON GREAT

BEND OF YARLUNG TSANGPO RIVER.
 WATER TO BE DIVERTED TO NORTH-WESTERN
PROVINCES OF XINJIANG AND GANSU.
 THE POWER GENERATED TO BE USED TO PUMP
WATER.
 TSANGPO ENTERS INDIA AS A SMALL RIVER AND
PICKS 80% OF ITS WATER AFTER IT ENTERS
ARUNACHAL PRADESH.
POLLUTION
PRIVATISATION
PRIVATISATION
 INVITING PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN

DAM AND RESERVOIR PROJECTS.
 OPPOSITION TO THE IDEA OF `PRIVATISATION

OF WATER.
 PRIVATISATION POSES A THREAT TO THAT

COMMITMENT BECAUSE ONCE PRIVATISED,
WATER WILL NO LONGER BE PROVIDED ON THE
BASIS OF NEED BUT ON THE ABILITY TO PAY.
Signs Of
Hope…!
[SOLUTION]
SOLUTION
PROGRESS IS MUST,
BUT
ENVIRONMENT IS
FIRST!
SOLUTION
 SOLUTIONS TO WATER PROBLEMS REQUIRE THE
CONSIDERATION OF CULTURAL, EDUCATIONAL, COMMUNICATION
AND SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS. THE FWG MERIT ATTENTION :-
 PLANT TREES
 AVOID POLLUTION
 CONSERVE WATER
 TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIONS
 WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS
 SEAWATER DESALINATION
 WATER FOOTPRINT
SOLUTION
SEAWATER DESALINATION PLANT
 THE LARGEST IN THE COUNTRY WITH A CAPACITY OF 100 MLD (MILLION LITRES PER
DAY), COMING UP NEAR MINJUR ABOUT 35 KM NORTH OF CHENNAI.
 WARM WATER IS PUMPED INTO A VACUUM FLASH CHAMBER AND THE RESULTANT
VAPOUR IS CONDENSED USING COLD WATER TO GET CRYSTAL CLEAR POTABLE
WATER.
 DESALINATED WATER IS OF A BETTER QUALITY, COST AND IS ONLY 6 PAISE PER

LITRE.
SOLUTION
 WATER FOOTPRINT MEASURES THE TOTAL

AMOUNT OF WATER IT TAKES FOR A COMPANY TO
MANUFACTURE AND TRANSPORT A PRODUCT, OR
FOR A CITY, COUNTRY, OR BUSINESS TO OPERATE.
 CALCULATING WATER FOOTPRINTS CAN HELP WATER FOOTPRINT

BUSINESSES AND COMMUNITIES BETTER
UNDERSTAND AND PREPARE FOR THE IMPACTS OF
GLOBAL WATER SCARCITY, ACCORDING TO EXPERTS.
 SUCH DATA ALLOWS COMPANIES TO IDENTIFY

POTENTIAL WATER SAVINGS AND PLAN FOR FUTURE
SHORTAGES.
SOLUTION
 RAIN WATER HARVESTING.
 IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT.
 HYDROLOGICAL PROJECTS - CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS BY LOWER

RIPARIAN STATE.
 ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE TO GROUND WATER THROUGH DUG WELL.
 TREATIES BETWEEN EFFECTED PARTIES.
 ASSURED MIN AVAILABILITY BY UPPER REPARIAN.

SOLUTION
NATIONAL RIVER LINKING PROJECT

SOLUTION: TOGETHER WE CAN
 TRY TO DO ONE THING EACH DAY THAT
WILL RESULT IN SAVING WATER. DON'T
WORRY IF THE SAVINGS ARE MINIMAL EVERY
DROP COUNTS! YOU CAN MAKE A
DIFFERENCE.
 REMEMBER TO USE ONLY THE AMOUNT YOU

ACTUALLY NEED.
 FORM A GROUP OF WATER-CONSCIOUS

PEOPLE AND ENCOURAGE YOUR FRIENDS
AND NEIGHBORS TO BE PART OF THIS GROUP.
PROMOTE WATER CONSERVATION IN
COMMUNITY NEWSLETTERS AND ON
BULLETIN BOARDS.
SOLUTION: TOGETHER WE CAN
ENCOURAGE YOUR FAMILY TO KEEP

LOOKING FOR NEW WAYS TO
CONSERVE WATER IN AND AROUND
YOUR HOME.
 MAKE SURE THAT YOUR HOME IS

LEAK-FREE. MANY HOMES HAVE
LEAKING PIPES THAT GO UNNOTICED.
 DO NOT LEAVE THE TAP RUNNING

WHILE YOU ARE BRUSHING YOUR
TEETH OR SOAPING YOUR FACE.
WHAT ARE WE PLANNING TO LEAVE FOR THE
NEXT GENERATION
A WATER CRISIS HEALTHY ABUNDANCE

“BUT THE WATER PROBLEMS OF OUR WORLD NEED NOT BE ONLY A
CAUSE OF TENSION; THEY CAN ALSO BE A CATALYST FOR
COOPERATION……IF WE WORK TOGETHER, A SECURE AND
SUSTAINABLE WATER FUTURE CAN BE OURS.”
---- (PRESIDENT OBAMA)
Thank You…
sAvE wAtEr
SaVe ThE WoRlD

Water

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The next

 WATER USAGE VS AVAILABILITY.

 2 OUT OF 3 PEOPLE WILL LIVE WITH WATER SHORTAGES BY 2025.

 HALF OF THE WORLD'S WETLANDS HAVE BEEN LOST SINCE 1900.

 BASIS FOR MOST FUTURE CONFLICTS IS “WITH THE GROWTH OF

• LESS THAN 3% OF THE WORLD’S

• OF THIS 3% OVER 2.5% IS FROZEN,

• WE MUST RELY ON THIS 0.5% FOR ALL

 WATER STRESSED REGIONS.

PM'S INDEPENDENCE DAY SPEECH

DR MANMOHAN SINGH, SAID:

“CLIMATE CHANGE IS THREATENING OUR ECOSYSTEMS; WATER

WATER AVAILABILITY(RANK) SEVERE WATER STRESS

# 1 ICELAND : 294.34 TCM #1 ISRAEL : 100 %

• GROUNDWATER [DEPLETED] • POPULATION [ ]

• INDIAN GOVERNMENT IS TOO FOCUSED ON ECONOMIC

• POOR WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.

• PACKAGE WATER INDUSTRIES ARE BEING ENCOURAGED.

Industries Over exploitation

 INEFFICIENT GOVERNMENT – STATE CONSTRUCTION.

 LACK OF INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT.

 INADEQUATE ENFORCEMENT OF LEGISLATION RELATING TO WATER.

 INSUFFICIENT FACILITIES FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT.

 BY 2020 INDIA WILL BECOME A WATER STRESSED NATION.

 66 MILLION INDIANS IN 20 STATES ARE AT RISK DUE TO FLUORIDE

 10 MILLION ALREADY DIED TO EXCESS ARSENIC IN GROUNDWATER.

 OUT OF THESE 6.3 LAKH RURAL SCHOOLS ONLY 44 % HAVE WATER

 37.7 MILLION INDIANS ARE AFFECTED BY WATERBORNE

 1.5 MILLION CHILDREN ARE ESTIMATED TO DIE OF DIARRHOEA

 180 MILLION WORKING DAYS ARE LOST DUE TO WATERBORNE

 1,95,813 HABITATIONS IN THE COUNTRY ARE AFFECTED BY

 161 OF OUT OF APPROXIMATELY 600 DISTRICTS IN INDIA HAVE

 90% OF THE SEWAGE GENERATED BY MUNICIPAL COUNCILS

 INADEQUATE AND INTERMITTENT SUPPLY OF DRINKING WATER.

 METALLIC AND BACTERIAL POLLUTION OF WATER.

 INADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY IN RURAL AND URBAN SLUM AREAS.

 LOSS OF WATER IN TRANSMISSION /DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE.

 LACK OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES FOR IMPROVEMENTS.

 INADEQUATE ENFORCEMENT OF SPECIAL

 INABILITY OF MUNICIPAL WATER

 RIVER YAMUNA- “THE PRINCIPAL DRAIN FOR NEW DELHI’S

 “RESIDENTS POUR 150 MILLION GALLONS OF SEWAGE INTO THE

 “IN NEW DELHI THE YAMUNA ITSELF IS CLINICALLY DEAD.”

 RIVER GANGES- “RIVER OF DEAD BODIES”

 THE WORLD'S MOST POLLUTED PLACES

 GROUNDWATER IN SUKINDA IS BELIEVED TO BE CONTAMINATED

 WATER RESOURCE BEING COMPARED TO OIL.

 UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION AMONG COUNTRIES

CONTENDING WATER USES

■ WATER IS A COMMON POOL RESOURCE.

■ CONTENTION BETWEEN DIFFERENT KINDS OF USES AND

■ THE ISSUE IS ONE OF RAPIDLY DECREASING WATER SUPPLY

CONTENDING WATER USES

POPULATION GROWTH & DEMAND

POPULATION GROWTH & DEMAND

♦ GROWING POPULATION AND CHANGING VALUES HAVE

♦ URBAN NEEDS OFTEN CONFLICT WITH AGRICULTURAL

CONTENDING WATER USES

POPULATION GROWTH & DEMAND

 ALMOST 70% OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

CONTENDING WATER USES

POPULATION GROWTH & DEMAND

DAMS AND DISPLACEMENT

DAMS AND DISPLACEMENT