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Alternators 2
To Generate Current we Need:
Magnetic Field N
Conductor +
Movement
-
S
Alternators 3
Rotor
Magnetic field
N
S
Stator
Coil
Alternators 4
V
S o
N l
t
N
S
N
Time
S
a
g
N
S e
Alternators 5
+
V Peak
o Voltage
RMS
l (0.707 Peak value)
t
a Time
g
e
Amplitude
Cycle
Alternators 6
N
V
o
l
t
S a Time
g
e
Alternators 7
V
o
2 pole rotor
l sine wave
N t
a Time
g
N
S
e
S 4 pole rotor
sine wave
Alternators 8
T0 T1 T2 T3
L4
L1
Field L2
L3 Armature
Diode
Field
Stator
Alternators 9
Alternators 10
Alternator Parts List
No. Nbr. Description No. Nbr. Description
1 1 Stator assembly 107 1 Support diode assembly
4 1 Rotor assembly 124 1 Terminal plate
15 1 Fan 198 1 Regulator(AVR)
16 6 Fan fixing screw 207 1 Rubber
28 1 Earth terminal 290 1 Housing
30 1 DE flange 291 1 Adaptation shaft
33 1 Air outlet louvre 292 1 Rotor magnets
36 1 N.D.E.bracket 293 1 Stator
37 4 Tie rod 294 2 Fixing screw
41 1 D.E.terminal box 295 1 Tie rod
47 1 N.D.E.terminal box 296 1 Washer & nut
48 1 Terminal box lid 297 1 End plate
49 20 Terminal box fixing screw 320 1 Hub
51 1 Air intake louvre 322 1 Coupling disc
59 3 Inspection door 323 Fixing screw
70 1 NDE bearing 324 1 Clamping washer
79 1 Preloading wavy washer 325 Spacer shim
90 1 Wound exciter field 343 1 Diode bridge assembly
91 4 Field fixing screw 347 1 Surge suppressor Varistor
98 3 Corner plate 349 1 O ring seal
100 1 Exciter armature
Alternators 11
Alternator Labelling
Alternators 12
Alternator Labelling
Genset Alternator
30 KVA LL1014Q
44 KVA LL2014B
50 KVA LL2014D
65 KVA LL2014H
77 KVA LL2014J
100 KVA LL3014B
110 KVA LL3014B
150 KVA LL3014F
175 KVA LL3014H
188 KVA LL3014H
200 KVA LL5014F
Alternators 13
Model Specification
Alternators 14
Generator Set Serial Number
Alternators 15
Generator Set Serial Number
Alternators 16
Label each item:
L1
L2
L3
1) AVR
N
2) EXCITER STATOR
3) EXCITER ROTOR
4) RECTIFIER
5) MAIN STATOR
6) MAIN ROTOR
Alternators 17
Alternator Principle
STATOR
WINDING
ROTOR
WINDING
Alternators 18
Alternator Principle
EXCITER FIELD
RECTIFIERS
STATOR
WINDING
ROTOR
WINDING
DIRECT ALTERNATING
CURRENT CURRENT
Alternators 19
Alternators 20
1. Shunt Principle
EXCITER FIELD (4)
RECTIFIERS (6)
STATOR (2)
WINDING
EXCITER (5)
ROTOR
WINDING
ROTOR
AVR
DIRECT ALTERNATING
CURRENT CURRENT
Alternators 21
2. Shunt + PMG Principle
EXCITER FIELD
P.M.G.
RECTIFIERS
STATOR
WINDING
ROTOR
WINDING
A.V.R.
Alternators 22
PMG
290 Housing
291 Adaptation shaft
292 Rotor magnets
293 Stator
294 Fixing screw
295 Tie rod
296 Washer & nut
297 End plate
Alternators 23
PMG
5 TYPES PMG 1 2000-3000 Series R438
PMG 2 5000-6000 Series R448
PMG 3 7000 Series R448
PMG 4 8000-8100 Series R449
PMG 5 9000-9100 Series R449
14
X2
Z1 15 PMG
AVR X1
2000-3000 Series 16
Z2
E+
PMG CONNECTION E- 6- 5+
(AVR) EXCITER FIELD
ROTOR
WINDING
AVR
DIRECT
ALTERNATING
CURRENT
CURRENT
Alternators 26
Auxiliary Winding Principle
Alternators 27
Excitation Systems
SHUNT + PMG AREP SHUNT
Alternators 28
Overload Characteristic
VOLTAGE (V) SHUNT CHARACTERISTIC
( or auxiliary winding H1/ AREP) AREP/ PMG CHARACTERISTIC
LOAD %
100% 200% 300%
Alternators 29
Shunt, AREP or PMG ?
AREP / PMG ADVANTAGES COMPARED WITH SHUNT
The short circuit capability that enables a selective protection in case of overload
or short circuit on an installation
Alternators 30
Generator Set Ratings
COP: Continuous Power
• Continuous operation at nominal constant load
• Unlimited number of hours / year
• Cogeneration / Marine...
• Alternator rating S1/ 40°C - class H or F
Alternators 31
Voltage …….. Voltage Regulator
Output Control (Function of… speed + excitation current)
Alternators 32
Frequency
Speed (min -1) x N (no of poles)
Frequency (Hz) =
120
Main Frequencies:
50 Hz : Europe, Africa, part of Asia, part of South America
60 Hz : North America, part of Asia, part of South Americas.
400Hz : Airports
Alternators 33
Alternator Speed
Direction of Rotation
Alternators 34
Power Factor kW
CAPACITIVE INDUCTIVE
kVA
AR
kV
Alternators 35
A
1
V
A
Reactive
V power (3)
3 Real power (1)
Pf = cos = KW/KVA
V
Alternators 36
KVAR Leading
Engine Limit (KW)
Function of the
maximum fuel to
the engine
The KVA
Circle
800 1000 KW
Diagram
Generator Limit (KVA)
Function of the
maximum current
allowed in the generator
windings
KVAR Lagging
Alternators 37
KVAR Leading
Engine Limit (KW)
Engine overload
Generator Limit (KVA)
The KVA
Circle
800 1000 KW
Diagram
KVAR Lagging
Genset overload
Alternators 38
Overload
Alternators 39
Alternators 40
Composition of a Periodic Signal
Any periodic signal of frequency "f", whatever its waveform, can be
represented as the sum of:
Example :
y( t ) = h 1( t ) + h 3( t )
1.5 1.5 1.5
1 1 1
0 0
-0.5
= -0.5
+ 0
-0.5
-1 -1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-1.5
Alternators 41
What Are Harmonics?
Harmonic currents can cause an unacceptable disturbance on the supply network and adversely
affect the operation of other electrical equipment including power factor correction capacitors.
All complex waveforms can be resolved into a series of sinusoidal waves of various frequencies,
hence any complex waveform is the sum of a number of odd and even harmonics of lesser or
greater value. The diagram below shows examples of several harmonics compared to the
sinusoidal wave and the resultant wave after distortion.
Alternators 42
Harmonic Filtration
Alternators 43
2/3 Pitch Winding
Note
A 2/3 pitch winding eliminates all triplen harmonics (3, 6, 9, etc)
which create a circulating current in the neutral and distort
the waveform.
Alternators 44
Typically a main stator will consist of 9 Full Pitch
winding entries at full pitch, therefore
there should be at 2/3 pitch 2/3 Pitch
Alternators 45
Voltage
12 WIRE RECONNECTABLE MACHINE
EXAMPLE: STANDARD WINDING N° 6 - 3 PHASE/ 2/3 PITCH.
Alternators 46
Voltage
12 WIRE RECONNECTABLE MACHINE
EXAMPLE: STANDARD WINDING N° 6 - 3 PHASE/ 2/3 PITCH.
Alternators 47
Voltage
12 WIRE RECONNECTABLE MACHINE
EXAMPLE: STANDARD WINDING N° 6 - SINGLE PHASE
Alternators 48
Alternators 49
Mechanical Defects
Alternators 50
Electrical Defects
Alternators 51
Electrical Defects
Alternators 52
Fault Finding on the Main Stator
L1 L1
100 120
L2 80 140 L2 120 120
L3 L3
L1
70
L2 100
90
L3
Alternators 53
Fault Finding the Exciter Stator & AVR
DIRECT ALTERNATING
CURRENT CURRENT
Alternators 54
Testing the Diodes
MULTIMETER MULTIMETER
Alternators 55
Fault Finding- Testing the Resistance
of the Main Rotor using a 6V battery.
6V
Rotor Resistance = 6
AMPS
Alternators 56
Insulation Test
Alternators 57