m



Session 8
m


• nd-cutting tools
•
sed to produce holes in most types
of materials
• o helical grooves, or flutes, are cut
lengthise around body of drill
• rovide cutting edges and space for
cuttings to escape during drilling process

Shop Tools and Techniques 2

m

 
• ost made of high-speed steel
• eplaced carbon-steel drills for to
reasons
• an be operated at double the cutting speed
• utting edge lasts longer
• Stamped ith letters H.S or H.S.S.
• arbide-tipped drills
• Speeds for production have increased up
to 300% over high-speed drills
Shop Tools and Techniques 3
m


 
 
  






Shop Tools and Techniques 4




• Straight-shank drills
• Held in drill chuck
•
p to ½ in.
in diameter

• apered-shank drills
• it into internal taper of drill press spindle
• ang provided on end to prevent drill from
slipping

Shop Tools and Techniques 5



• ortion of drill beteen shank and point
• onsists of number of parts for cutting
• lutes
• o or more helical grooves cut around
body of drill
• orm cutting edges, admit cutting fluid,
allo chips to escape hole
• ody learance
•
ndercut portion of body beteen margin
and flutes

Shop Tools and Techniques 6




• argin
•
arro, raised section on body of drill
• tends entire length of flutes
• rovides full size to drill body and edges
• eb
• hin partition in center of drill,
etends full length of flutes
• orms chisel edge at cutting
end of drill
Shop Tools and Techniques 7




• onsists of chisel edge, lips, lip clearance,

and heel
• hisel edge
• hisel-shaped portion of drill point
• ips
• utting edges formed by intersection of flutes
• ust be of equal length and have same angle
• So drill run true and not cut hole larger than drill

Shop Tools and Techniques 8





Shop Tools and Techniques 9

^
  

‡ The relief ground on point of drill extending

from cutting lips back to the heel

Shop Tools and Techniques 10




 



he use of various point angles and lip

clearances, in conjunction ith thinning
of the drill eb, ill allo
ë. ontrol size, quality and straightness of
drilled hole
2. ontrol size, shape and formation of chip
3. ontrol chip flo up flutes
4. Increase strength of drill's cutting edges
Shop Tools and Techniques 11



 



~. educe rate of ear at cutting edges

6. educe amount of drilling pressure
required
7. ontrol amount of burr produced
8. educe amount of heat generated
9. ermit use of various speeds and feeds for
more efficient drilling

Shop Tools and Techniques 12

  
 

• ost commonly used drill point
• ives satisfactory results for most
general-purpose drilling
• ip clearance of 8º to ë2º for best
results
• oo much eakens cutting
edge and causes drill to chip
• oo little results in use of
heavy drilling pressure
Shop Tools and Techniques 13
^  
 ! " #!
•
sed on lo heli drills for drilling of
nonferrous metals, soft cast irons,
plastics, fibers, and ood
• ip clearance generally from ë2º to ë~º
• lat may be ground on
face of lips to prevent
drill from draing itself
into the soft material
Shop Tools and Techniques 14
½  
$%"%!

•
sed to drill hard and tough materials

• ip clearance on flat angle point drills
only 6º to 8º to provide as much
support as possible for cutting edges
• Shorter cutting edge
tends to reduce friction
and heat during drilling

Shop Tools and Techniques 15

½&'

(

• ractional
•
umber
• etter
• illimeter (etric)

Shop Tools and Techniques 16

½&'

(

• ractional
• ange from ë 64 to 4 in. (steps of ë 64th )

Shop Tools and Techniques 17

½&'

(

•
umber
• ange from #ë (.228 in.) to #97 (.00~9 in.)

Shop Tools and Techniques 18

½&'

(

• etter
• ange from A to Z (A = .234 in., Z = .4ë3
in.)

Shop Tools and Techniques 19

½&'

(

• illimeter (etric)
• Straight-shank standard (0.~ to 20 mm)

Shop Tools and Techniques 20

m


• ide variety manufactured to suit

specific drilling operations and materials
• esign of drills vary
•
umber and idth of flutes
• Amount of heli or rake angle of flutes
• Shape of land or margin
• Shape of flute straight or helical
• hether heli is right-hand or left-hand

Shop Tools and Techniques 21

m



• anufactured from four main materials

• arbon-steel drills
• High-speed steel drills ±
ncoated
• High-speed steel drills ± oated
• High obalt ontent
• emented-carbide drills

Shop Tools and Techniques 22

m



• arbon-steel drills
•
sed in hobby shops not for machine shop
ork
• oest cost of all drills
• utting edges ear don quickly

Shop Tools and Techniques 23

m



• High-speed steel drills -
ncoated

•
sed etensively in machine shop ork
• eplaced High arbon Steel rills
• utting edges ithstand more heat and ear
• ost commonly used

Shop Tools and Techniques 24

m


• High-speed steel drills - oated
•
sed etensively in machine shop ork
• Supplements uncoated High Speed Steel
rills
• utting edges ithstand much more heat
and ear

xlack Oxide Titanium Nitride

Shop Tools and Techniques 25

m



• High obalt High-Speed Steel drills

•
sed in machine shop ork
• ~% obalt allos cutting edges to ithstand
more heat and ear

Shop Tools and Techniques 26

m



• emented-carbide drills
• perated at high speeds, ithstand higher
heat, and can drill hard materials
• arbide ipped
• Solid arbide

Shop Tools and Techniques 27

D  "&

‡ Has two Helical flutes
‡ Designed to perform well on wide variety of
materials, equipment and job conditions
‡ Can be made to suit different conditions and
materials by varying point angle, speeds and
feeds
‡ Straight-shank drills called general-purpose
jobbers length drills

Shop Tools and Techniques 28

^ ")
*


• eveloped primarily to drill brass and

thin materials
•
sed to drill shallo holes in some
aluminum and magnesium alloys
• an remove large volume of chips
formed by high rates of penetration

Shop Tools and Techniques 29

)

")
*

• esigned for drilling deep holes in
aluminum, copper, die-cast material,
and other metals
• aterial here chips have tendency to jam
• High heli angle (3~º to 4~º)
• ider flutes assist in clearing chips from
hole

Shop Tools and Techniques 30




• hree or four flutes

•
sed to enlarge cored, drilled, or
punched holes
• roduced in sizes from ¼ to 3 in.

Shop Tools and Techniques 31

‰
)

• Have one or to oil holes running from
shank to cutting point
• ompressed air, oil, or cutting fluid can be
forced through hen deep holes being
drilled
• utting fluid cools drill's cutting edges
and flushes chips out of hole

Shop Tools and Techniques 32



"½&


• ecommended for drilling operations on

soft materials such as brass, bronze,
copper and various types of plastic
• Straight flute prevents drill from draing
itself into material hile cutting

Shop Tools and Techniques 33

)D& 

•
sed for producing holes from
approimately 3 8 to 3 in. in diameter
and as deep as 20 feet
• onsists of round, tubular stem, on end
is fastened flat, to-fluted drilling insert
• utting fluid forced through center of
stem to flush chips from hole

Shop Tools and Techniques 34

 

• utting end is flat blade ith to
cutting lips
• asily replaced or sharpened
• Available in ide range of sizes
• icro to ë2 inch diameter

Shop Tools and Techniques 35

) "


•
sed for drilling hardened steel

• ade from heat-resistant alloy
• As brought into contact ith orkpiece,
fluted, triangular point softens metal by
friction and then removes softened metal

Shop Tools and Techniques 36




•
sed to drill and countersink or drill

and counterbore different sizes of
holes in one operation
•
sually has to or more diameters
• ach size or step separated by square
or angular shoulder

Shop Tools and Techniques 37

 "m)&
• ylindrical-diameter cutter
ith tist drill in center to
provide guide for cutting
teeth on hole cutter
• ade in various diameters
•
sed for drilling
holes in thin materials
• ittle burr produced
Shop Tools and Techniques 38
&D
 

ë. ear approved safety glasses
2. heck grinding heel and dress it to
sharpen and or straighten heel face
3. Adjust grinder tool rest so it is ithin
.060 in. of heel face
4. amine drill point and margins for
ear

Shop Tools and Techniques 39

~. Hold drill near point ith one hand,
other hand hold shank of drill slightly
loer than point
6. ove drill so it is approimately ~9º to
face of grinding heel
7. Hold lip or cutting edge of drill parallel
to grinder toolrest
8. ring lip of drill against grinding heel
and sloly loer drill shank

Shop Tools and Techniques 40



½  +'
• cessive speed
• cessive clearance
• cessive feed
• nsufficient clearance
• utting lips ith unequal angles
• utting lips ith unequal in length
• oading and galling

Shop Tools and Techniques 41

 cessive speed ill cause ear at outer corners
of drill. his permits feer regrinds of drill due
to amount of stock to be removed in
reconditioning.
iscoloration is arning sign of ecess speed.

Shop Tools and Techniques 42

 cessive clearance results in lack of support
behind cutting edge ith quick dulling and poor
tool life. espite initial free cutting action.
learance angle behind cutting lip for general
purposes is 8º to ë2º.

Shop Tools and Techniques 43

 cessive feed sets up abnormal end thrust,
hich causes breakdon of chisel point and
cutting lips. ailure induced by this cause ill
be broken or split drill.

Shop Tools and Techniques 44

nsufficient clearance causes the drill to rub
behind the cutting edge. t ill make the drill
ork hard, generate heat, and increase end
thrust. his results in poor holes and drill
breakage.

Shop Tools and Techniques 45

he eb is the tapered central portion of the
body that joins the lands.

Shop Tools and Techniques 46

utting lips ith unequal angles ill cause one
cutting edge to ork harder than the other. his
causes torsion strain, bellmouth holes,
rapid dulling, and poor tool life.

Shop Tools and Techniques 47

utting lips unequal in length cause
chisel point to be off center ais and ill
drill holes oversize by approimately
tice the amount
of eccentricity.

Shop Tools and Techniques 48

 oading and galling is
caused by poor chip
removal ith insufficient
dissipation of heat so that
material anneals itself to
the cutting edge and flute.
his condition frequently
results from using rong
drills for the job or
inadequate cutting fluid
application.

Shop Tools and Techniques 49


 

 
D& 

• ength of both cutting lips equal
• Angle of both cutting lips be the same
• ips should be free from nicks or ear
•
o sign of ear on margin

ote esharpen drill if it does not meet

all of these requirements.

Shop Tools and Techniques 50

G
 ,

• olor and shape of chips change
• ore drilling pressure required
• hips turn blue because of ecessive
heat
• op of hole out of round
• oor finish produced in hole
• rill chatters hen it contacts metal
• rill squeals and may jam in hole
• cessive burr left around drilled hole
Shop Tools and Techniques 51
½  &

' &&


• rill speed may be too high for
hardness of material being cut
• eed may be too heavy and overload
cutting lips
• eed may be too light and cause lips to
scrape rather than cut
• ay be hard spots or scale on ork
surface
Shop Tools and Techniques 52
½ 
• ork or drill may not be supported
properly, resulting in springing and
chatter
• rill point may be incorrect for material
being drilled
• inish on lips may be poor

Shop Tools and Techniques 53

½ 

• emove drill from heel ithout

moving position of body or hands,
rotate drill one-half turn, and grind the
other cutting edge
• heck angle of drill point and length of
lips ith drill point gage
• epeat operations 6-ë0 until cutting
edges are sharp and lands are free
from ear nicks
Shop Tools and Techniques 54