DENSE WAVE DIVISION

MULTIPLEXING
Wavelength Multiplexing
MULTIPLE FIBER

OPTICAL MULTIPLEXERS

SINGLE FIBER
Wave Length Multiplexing
Multiplexing multiple wavelengths over a
single fiber

Two Major Types

– CWDM – Coarse Wave Length Division Multiplexing
•Channel Spacing – 20 nanometers
– DWDM – Dense Wave Length Division Multiplexing
•Channel Spacing – 8 nanometers
WDM Categories
Wrapperless Systems
– Protocol Independent

Wrapper Systems
– Framed optical channel
– Various low-level transmission functions
•Error checking
•Performance monitoring
•Forward Error Correction (FEC)
– Management channel to support OAM&P
– Optical bitstream interpretable by higher-level
protocols
New Service Offerings
Emerging Scenario
TDM Vs WDM
TDM Vs WDM
Advantage - DWDM

The
The Shrinking
Shrinking Continent
Continent
1993
OC-48

LA ... NY

2.5 Gb/s/fiber pair 40km between regenerators $20,000 per DS1 (excluding fiber costs)

1998
100Gb/s with DWDM

LA ... NY

100 Gb/s/fiber pair 400km between regenerators $1,000 per DS1 (excluding fiber costs)

40x Increase 10x Increase 20x decreased

in bandwidth in regen spacing in cost

Technology
Technology is
is conquering
conquering distance
distance
DWDM Evolution
WAVELENGTH WINDOWS
ITU-T WAVELENGTH GRID
Frequency Utilization for Fiber Application

Window Label Range(nm) Fiber type Applications

First -- 820-900 MF LAN-Type
Second S 1280-1350 SMF Single-
Third C 1530-1565 NZDSF DWDM1
Fourth L 1565-1620 NZDSF
Fifth -- 1350-1450 SMF AllwaveTM DWDM
Fifth -- 1450-1528 NZDSF
DWDM/MAN2

1 DWDM may also include single wavelength application

2 Currently, EDFAs do not perform below the range of 1530 nm.
WAVELENGTH MULTIPLEXING
Wavelength Multiplexing
Multiple Lambdas
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Bombay X-Connect
Chennai
Optical Amplifier
OPTICAL ADD-DROP MULTIPLEXERS
Drop-ADD Wavelength N

1, 2,….., N

Fiber Fiber
OADM
OA OA
1, 2,….., N 1, 2,….., N

N N
 Optical Switch

Optical 2 X 2 Switch

Fiber Fiber

1, 2,….., N 1, 2,….., N

Optical Optical
Demultiplexer Multiplexer
1 1
Drop-Add wavelength 1
 A Typical DWDM Link

Channel 1 1 1
OADM
Channel 2 2 Fiber 2
OA OA
1, 2,….., N 1, 2,….., N
Channel N N N

Opt. Opt.
MUX De-MUX

= Laser Diode
= Receiver
 DWDM Ring Network
STM IP

OADM HUB
1, 2,….., N 1, 2,….., N OADM

OADM
1, 2,….., N 1, 2,….., N

O/E k k
STM

IP
j j
 DWDM Application

PLL
Detectors
TCP/IP TCP/IP O/E
1, 2,….., N
OPT.
ATM ATM O/E
Demux Single-Mode Fiber

STM STM O/E

PHY Receive Direction

Electronic Regime Photonic Regime

DWDM RING - Example
Optical Transmission Problems
Attenuation
– Light Absorption
– Raleigh Scattering
– Bending Losses

Dispersion
– Chromatic Dispersion
– Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
Non-Linearity
Generation of spurious harmonic and sum
frequencies

Unexpected loss effects

Inherent characteristic of electromagnetic

energy passing through a physical medium

Effects
– Scattering
– Refractive Index Phenomena
Non Linearity Effects
Scattering Phenomena
– Stimulated Brillouin Backscattering
– Stimulated Raman Scattering

Refractive Index Phenomena

– Self phase modulation
– Cross phase modulation
– Four-wave mixing
Network Classification
 Single-Hop Networks
– Data stream travels from source to destination as a light stream
– No conversion at any of the intermediate nodes
– Types
1. Broadcast-And-Select Networks
• Star topology with passive star coupler device
• Used in LAN/MAN
2. Wavelength Routed Networks
• Wavelength selective switching sub-system
a. Wavelength Path Switching
– Dynamic signal switching from one path to another
b. Wavelength Conversion
• Reuse of same wavelength in different parts of the same network
(different fibers)

 Multi-Hop Networks
– Small no of wavelength channels employed by the network
FIBER OPTICS - Basics
Journey through the “Optical Tunnel”
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
Snell’s Law: n1*sin1 = n2*sin 2
Transmit-Receive Overview
Transmitter - fundamentals of emission
Source composition
Light Source comparison
Transmitter & Receiver Functions
Transmitter Simple Block Diagram
Transmitter Basic Specifications
Laser/ LED Drivers
LASER Temperature Compensation
Receiver Basic Specifications
Receiver Block Diagram
 Dense Wave Division Multiplexing

 DWDM
– Standard support 1000 colors of light, only 160 colors
supported today
– Key players - Ciena, Cerent (Cisco), Lucent, Marconi, Nortel,
Siemens, Sycamore
– Supports PoS – packet over Sonet to Wavelength
– Supports LAMBDA routing
Attenuation
1.0 dB/KM

0.3

Wavelength (mm) 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

What is an Optical Wave?
An optical wave is a transponder-based service
which provides unprotected, customized bandwidth
primarily for data traffic and allows data carriers
requiring low restoration rates to provide protection
switching using their own equipment.Wave 1
Wave 1

Wave 2
Wave 2

Wave 3

Wave 3
Wave 4

Wave 4
Customized Bandwidth
OC-3/STM1

OC-12/STM4
OC-
OC-48 24/STM8

STM16
OC-N

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Chennai
Propagation mode
Single Mode Fiber
Multi Mode Fiber

Number of Modes:

M = V2/2
Graded Index Fiber
 Propagation in Graded Index Fiber

Number of Modes, M = (a/(a+2))*(v2/2)

where a is Profile parameter
Energy Distribution in SM Fiber
Attenuation in Optical Fiber
Power expressed in dbm
It’s simple to relate to attenuation if Power is also expressed in terms of db.
So if mW is the reference: Power in dbm = 10log10(P/mW)
Where mW is the reference: Power in dbm = 10log10(P/mW)
Dispersion –BW Losses
Dispersions in MM & SM Fiber
Dispersion in Step Indexed Fiber
Graded Index Fiber – less dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion

LED: Typical spectral width 75-125 nm LASER: Typical spectral width 2-5 nm
Material Dispersion
Wave guide Dispersion
Polarization
Bending Losses