Integral Flow Analysis –

Reynolds Transport Theorem

 Approaches
• Control volume/large-scale/integral
analysis

• Differential/small-scale analysis

• Experimental/dimensional analysis
 Analysis

Technique
• Choose a control volume
• Determine inflow and outflow
• Determine effects of flow (e.g. force or torque on a body,
total energy exchange)

Approach
• Accurate, but
• Based on average values
• Provides useful “engineering” estimates
 Basic Laws

• Conservation of mass / Continuity

• Linear momentum equation / Newton’s
second law
• Angular momentum equation
• Energy equation / First law of
thermodynamics
 Reynolds Transport Theorem
• All the law of physics are written for a fixed mass which is equivalent
of a control system in fluid dynamics. However use of control system
approach in fluid dynamics is fairly complex. Thus, control volume
approach is adopted. However to analyse fluid dynamics problem
using control volume approach we need to find a way to relate
control volume approach with control system approach.
Reynolds transport theorem provides that relationship.

• Applicable to all the basic laws

• Relates time derivative of a system property to the rate of change of

that property within a certain region
 B – Fluid property
dB
 – Intensive property
dm

Inlet Outlet
vout
vin
dAout n

n dAin
Control Volume (V)

Reynolds transport theorem: accumulation = growth + inflow - outflow

  dB
  dV     ( V .dAin )   ( V .dAout )

t  CV 
 dt Contribution due to
Contribution due to
Rate of increase of B in CV inflow
outflow
Rate of increase of B of
matter

dB d   
   dV     v  dA

dt dt  CV  CS
 Conservation of mass
B = m,   1

dm d   
   dV     v  dA  0

dt dt  CV  CS
d  
dt     t dV
• Fixed control volume:  d V  
CV  CV
 
• Steady flow, i.e.:  0    v  dA  0
t CS


• Incompressible flow, i.e.  = const. :   dA  0
v
CS
• For 1D inlets and outlets:

 1v1 A1  2v2 A2  0
Example
• A tank of diameter D = 1 m and height H = 1 m is being filled with water
through a pipe of diameter d = 0.1m at an average velocity of u = 1 m/s.
Find the rate at which water level rises in the tank.

Air v

Water

Assuming u as the rate of rise of water in the tank:

d 2 D 2
 u v0
4 4
d2 0.01 m
v 2u  1  0.01
D 1 s
Example
• The pipe flow fills a cylindrical surge tank as shown. At time t = 0, the water
depth in the tank is 30 cm. Estimate the time required to fill the remainder of
the tank.
Example
• An incompressible fluid flows past an impermeable flat plate with a uniform
inlet profile and a cubic polynomial exit profile:

 3   3  y
u  U0   where 
 2  

Compute the volume flow Q across the top surface of the control volume.
 Linear Momentum Equation
dB d   
   dV     v  dA

B  mv,   v dt dt  CV  CS
Newton’s second law: force = mass * acceleration
d    
mv    F  d   vdV    v v  dA
dt dt  CV  CS
Surface forces: F p

• Force, F
• Pressure, p

For 1D inlets and outlets:

 d    
 dt  
F   v dV  
  v  v n A out
  vn Ain
v
 CV 
Example
• A jet of water issues out of a fireman’s nozzle at 6 m/s. If the gauge
pressure at section 1 is 1.8x104 Pa, estimate the force in each of the 8 bolts
connecting nozzle to the pipe.
CV
1 2
D2 = 5 cm
D1 = 20 cm
v2 = 6m/s

Linear momentum: Fx  p1 A1  v2 m 2  v1m 1

D12 D22
Continuity: m 1  v1  m 2  v2
4 4
2 2
D 0.05 m
v1  22 v2  6  0.375
D1 0.2 2 s
D22 D12
Fx  v2  v1 v2  p1
4 4
0.052  4 0.2 
2
Fx  6  0.375 1000  6  1.8 10  499.0 N  Fx ,bolt  62.4 N
4 4
Example
• Water flows through the reducing elbow at the rate of 1 m3/s.
p1 = 0.1 MPa

60

A1 = 0.1 m2 p2 = 0.09 MPa

A2 = 0.07 m2

What is the resultant force on elbow?

Fx  p1 A1  p2 A2 cos 60  v1 v1 A1  v2 cos 60 v2 A2
Fy  p2 A2 sin 60  v2 sin 60 v2 A2
Q 1 m Q 1 m
v1    10 v2    14.3
A1 0.1 s A2 0.07 s
Fx  9.69 kN
Fy  17.85 kN
Force on elbow will be equal and opposite.
Example
• A water jet strikes normal to a fixed plate. Neglect gravity and friction, and
compute the force F required to hold the plate fixed.

• Assume that there is a hole in the plate so that a part of water flows via this
hole. Compute the force F required to hold the plate fixed in this new
configuration.

d 0  5 cm
V0  8 m/s
 Moment of Momentum
(Angular Momentum Equation)
In many cases such as pumps and rotating machines, we may be
interested in torques rather than forces. For such cases
   
B   r  v dm,   r  v

d

 r
 
 v 
dm 
 d 
 dt 
M  r
 
 v dV

 r
  
   v  v  dA

dt  CV  CS
For 1D inlets and outlets:
         
 t 
M  r  v dV  
 r  v out  v n A out
 
  v in vn Ain
r
 CV 
Example
v =2.5 m/s
Exit diameter = 5 cm

Inlet diameter = 5 cm

25 cm

80 cm

If there are two bolts on each side, what force acts on each bolt?
     
M  r2  v2 v2 A2  r1  v1 v1 A1
      
r1  0; r2  0.25i ; v2  2.5 j ; M  r2 v2 v2 A2 k
0.052 


M  0.25  2.5 1000  2.5   3.07 Nm k
4
Torque on bolts = –3.07 Nm

2F
80 cm

2F

2F * 0.8 = 3.07
F = 1.92 N
Example
• A cooling system for a central air conditioning plant uses 5-cm-diameter
pipe. Water enters at A and issues vertically at the six 2-cm-diameter
nozzles as shown. Assuming water velocity at each of the nozzles is
approximately 6 m/s, compute the bending moment at the flanges at A due
to the flow of water alone.
2 cm
A diameter

...
5 cm
diameter
1m 1m

 6
 
M   ri  vi vA i  1, , 6
m
r1  1 m, r2  2 m, , r6  6 m, vi  6
i 1 s
0.02 2 


M  1  2  3  4  5  6   6 1000  6   237.5 Nm k
4
Example
• A horizontal lawn sprinkler has a water flow rate of 15 l/min introduced
vertically through the center. The diameter of the pipe is d = 6 mm, and the
radius of the arm is R = 15 cm.

d = 6 mm

R = 15 cm

• Estimate the retarding torque required to keep the arms from rotating.
• Determine the rotation rate (r / min) if there is no retarding torque.
 Energy Equation
B = E,  = e
d   dE 
First law of thermodynamics   edV     e v  dA
dt  CV  dt CS

d   
dE
 Q  W    edV  
 e v  dA
dt dt  CV  CS
Here W consists of work done which includes any shaft work and the flow
work. The flow work has two components: viscous flow work and pressure
flow work. The viscous flow work is very small as compared to pressure
flow work.
W  W  W  W
s v p

 p 
W p   p v  dA   v  dA
CS CS

Energy per unit mass

1 2
eu v  gz
2
   2
   2
 
  v  dA
v p v
Q  W s  Wv    
 u   gz 
 dV   
  u    gz
t  CV  2   CS   2 
Rate of accumulation of energy within CV equals rate of heat transfer by
conduction across CS, minus the rate of shaft work, minus the rate at which
viscous work is done at the inlets and outlets, minus rate at which energy is
convected across CV.
Special cases
• For steady flows accumulation is zero. Furthermore, if there is no viscous
work, then for 1D inlets and outlets the equation becomes

 p v2   p v2 
Q  Ws    u  
   gz  m  out    u    gz  m  in
  2  out   2  in
• Heat and work per unit mass

Q 
q W
ws  s

m m

The equation for energy per unit mass for one inlet and one outlet
 p v2   p v2 
 u    gz    u    gz   q  ws
  2 in   2  out
• For low-speed flow, if the equation is divided by g:
 p v2   p v2 
   z      z   h friction  h pump  hturbine
 g 2 g in  g 2 g  out
Upstream total head = downstream total head + friction head loss –
pump head input + turbine head extraction
• Bernoulli equation
 Incompressible
 Steady
 Frictionless
 Along a streamline

 p v2   p v2 
   gz      gz   const.
 2 in   2  out
 Example 1

A pump draws 220 m3/h of water at 20°C from a reservoir.

The total friction head loss is 5 m. The flow discharges
through a nozzle to the atmosphere. Estimate the pump
power delivered to the water.
 Solution

Energy equation
 p v2   p v2 
   z     z   hfriction  hpump
 g 2g   g 2g 
  in   out

Let “in”: reservoir surface; “out”: nozzle exit

pin  pout  patm
Q 220 / 3600 m
v in  0, v out  2   31 .12
De  0.05 2
s
4 4
zout  zin  2 m
hfriction  5 m
 Solution

Pump head input

2
v out 31 .12 2
hpump   zout  zin  hfriction   2  5  56 .4 m
2g 2  9.81

Density of water at 20°C: 998 kg/m3

Pump power
220
P  gQh pump  998  9.81   56 .4  33 .7 kW
3600
Example
• The human heart behaves like a pump. The pressures at various points are
as shown. If the cardiac output is 5l/min of blood, estimate the power of the
heart.

From veins
0 mm Hg
From lungs
atrium
6 mm Hg
1
3

4
2
To lungs To body
15 mm Hg 95 mm Hg
ventricle
Work is done on the system to increase total head:
p1v12 p2 v22
  gz1  ws1    gz 2
 2  2

p3v32 p4 v42
  gz3  ws 2    gz 4
 2  2
p2  p1 p  p1
ws1  W s1  ws1m  2 Q
 
p4  p3 p  p3
ws 2  W s 2  ws 2 m  4 Q
 
p2  p1   Hg g h2  h1   13600  9.81  0.015  0   2.00 kPa
p4  p3   Hg g h4  h3   13600  9.81  0.095  0.006   11.87 kPa

W s   p2  p1 Q   p4  p3 Q  2.00  11.87  103 

5
 1.156 W
60 1000
Example
• A carburator is shown schematically, the motion of the cylinder during
the intake stroke results in flow of air down the venturi. The throat at
point 2 is minimum pressure point and this causes the gasoline to be
sucked in to the tube where it is atomised. Obtain the pressure at
point 2 as a function of v3.

Air filter p1 v12 p2 v22

  gz1    gz 2
1 a 2 a 2

H p1  patm ; v1  0; z1  z 2
2
v2 A2  v3 A3
2
 a  v3 A3 
3 p2  patm   
2  A2 
Example
• Water at 20°C in a pressurized tank flows out and creates a vertical jet as
shown in the figure. Assuming steady, frictionless flow, determine the height
H to which the jet arises. The height of water level in the tank above the
outlet where the jet leaves the pipe is 85 cm.

p = 75 kPa