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Background of land
law in Malaysia
1. The Straits Settlements
• Penang & Malacca
2. The Federated Malay States
• Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang
3. The Unfederated Malay States
• Kedah, Johor, Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu
Straits Settlements: Penang
• Ong Cheng Neo v. Yeap Cheah Neoh (1872) 1 Ky. 255,
Privy Council:
…the island was wholly uninhabited when the English arrived. It
was really immaterial to consider whether the island should be
regarded as a ceded or newly settled territory for there is no trace
of any laws having been established there before it was acquired by
the East India Company.
Changes introduced:-
a. The principle of indefeasibility of title was more clearly
defined,
b. Adverse possession against individual owners of land is no
longer possible
c. Customary tenure under Adat perpatih is preserved;
d. The strictness regarding compliance with statutory form and
registration as indicated in Hj Abdul Rahman’s case.
e. Specific types of cultivation were enforced.
The situation then
• One uniformed Land Code for FMS
The FMS has a uniformed land law with consistent land
administration procedures.
• Five separate State legislation in each of the UFMS
• Johor Land Enactment
• Perlis Land Enactment
• Kedah Land Enactment
• Kelantan Land Enactment
• Terengganu Land Enactment
• The English Deeds system still prevailing in the Straits
Settlements of Penang and Malacca.
Towards a National Land Code
• The Reid Constitutional Commission in its report suggested
that the 1928 FMS Land Code to be the model used by the
legal draftsmen to work on a new National Land Code in order
to achieve uniformity for all the nine Malay states and the two
Strait Settlements.
• National Land Code (Penang and Malacca) Titles Act 1963
• The new 1965 National Land Code came into force on 1st
January 1966.
QUESTIONS
• Various systems relating to land tenure have evolved in the
states of Peninsular Malaysia from the Malacca Sultanate until
present times. Discuss, with references to relevant legal
authorities, the types of land systems that have been in place
in Malaysia until the passing of the National Land Code 1965
and how the Torrens system has reformed Malaysia’s land law.
(15 marks)
• In Shaik Abdul Latif & Ors v Shaik Elias Bux [1915] 1 FMSLR
204 at p. 221 Innes J.C observed that:
• “On each occasion when the introduction of British influence
upon the administration of the States has been formally
recognised by their Rulers the only law which existed and was
accepted by the Malays and other Mohammedans as
applicable to questions of inheritance and testamentary
dispositions was that of Mohammad modified in a few
districts by local custom.”
• Discuss the above statement in light of laws relating to land
tenure before, during and after the presence of British in the
Malay states and the extent of which those principles remain
relevant under the present land system.