CHAPTER 4

WORKING STRESS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

(WSD)

0941737 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

DONE By:
MOHAMMAD ALMUNYER
BARA’ ALSAYYED
 4.6 GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION OF THE STRESS
INEQUALITY CONDITIONS
Quick review

 Number of stress limits

 2 load (Mmax,Mmin)
 2 fibers to consider (top & bottom)
 2 stress limites (tension & compression)

Result is 8 combinations that have to

be checked (inequalities)
e + =
P
When all external moment are fc ft fc ft

Of the same sign, 4 inequality

conditions are considered
 Quick review

b1
 Number of variables
 consider I-beam section
h1
 3 rectangles - each has depth + width
 + prestress force
 + prestress eccentricity b2
 = 8 variables to be found h2

h3

b3

3
 First explored by Magnel, a Belgian engineer
Plot of e versus Fi produced a hyperbolic curve
Plot of e versus 1/Fi produced a straight line
Therefore, we will use e versus 1/Fi

kt This is the maximum Typical Beam section

permissible
This is the maximum
prestresingpermissible
force
Toward minimum Fi
prestresing force
1/Fi
------------------------------------------------------------cgc
kb A
(a)
This is the minimum
C permissible
B prestresing force

D Aps

(b) E cgs
G
All four stress
inequalities are A
(c) satisfied within this Inqe.1
region. Thus all Inqe.2
combinations of e and Inqe.3
e(+) 1/Fi within this region Inqe.4
are safe
(feasible domain)
 Graphical method assumption

 2 Assumption needed to be considered before construct a magnel diagram:



 1) 4 inequality conditions will be considered+ 1 practical condition

e  k b  1 * (Mmin __ σti * zt ) e  kt  1  (Mmin __ σci * zb )

Fi Fi

e < k b  1 * (Mmax __ σcs * zt ) e < kt  1 * (Mmax __ σts * zb)

ɳFi ɳFi

e > (e ) mp __ (dc) min

 2) the cross section is known were Fi & e will be the unknowns

5
 Construct the diagram
 Linear function will take the following form:

y = a x + b

e  (Mmin __ σti * zt ) 1 k b

Fi

 1st step evaluate x=0 and obtain y value (e=kb)

 2nd step evaluate y=0 and find were the line intersects (obtain x)

The formed line will represent the inequality condition the you have
considered.

6
 Construct the diagram

The value of x
kt This is the maximum
When y=0
permissible
This is the maximum
prestresingpermissible
force
prestresing force
1/Fi Represent x axis
The value of y
When x=0

e(+)
Represent y axis 7
 Final graph

Toward minimum Fi
kt This is the maximum Typical Beam section
permissible
This is the maximum
prestresingpermissible
force
prestresing force
1/Fi
------------------------------------------------------------cgc
kb A
(a)
This is the minimum
C permissible
B prestresing force

D Aps

(b) E cgs
G

All four stress A Inqe.1

Inqe.2
(c) inequalities are
Inqe.3
satisfied within this Inqe.4
region. Thus all Inqe.5
e(+) combinations of e and
1/Fi within this region
The arrow represent the acceptable region, where if you took a
are safe
(feasible domain)
point in the direction of the arrow it will satisfy that inequality
condition and vast versa .
 After the diagram is constructed 3 cases will occur based on
the practical eccentricity
Case (1):
kt This is the maximum Typical Beam section
permissible
This is the maximum
prestresingpermissible
force
prestresing force
1/Fi
------------------------------------------------------------cgc
kb A
(a)

C
B

D Aps

E cgs
G

A
Inqe.1
Inqe.2
Inqe.3
e(+) Inqe.4
Inqe.5
 Case (2): Toward minimum Fi
kt This is the maximum Typical Beam section
permissible
This is the maximum
prestresingpermissible
force
prestresing force
1/Fi
------------------------------------------------------------cgc
kb A

C
B

D Aps

(b) E cgs
G

A
Inqe.1
Inqe.2
Inqe.3
e(+) Inqe.4
Inqe.5
 Case (3):
Toward minimum Fi
kt Typical Beam section

1/Fi
------------------------------------------------------------cgc
kb A

C
B

D Aps

E cgs
G

A
(c) Inqe.1
Inqe.2
Inqe.3
e(+) Inqe.4
Inqe.5
 Advantages

 No need to check stress limits when the point

that represent (Fi, e) are inside the feasible
domain.

 Quick adjacent for the value of Fi & the

corresponding e

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 Note : regrading inequality condition (3)

e < k b  1 * (M __ σ* zt )
Due to sustain load (self weight
Due to total service load ɳFi +super imposed load)

e < k b  1 * (Mmax __ σcs * zt ) e < k b  1 * (Msus __ σcsus * zt )

ɳFi ɳFi
 Condtion3 will be separated into two sub conditions , but one condition shall
be control in the design which will give the smallest feasible domain.
 To determine the control the slope (a) will be used (M __ σ* zt )
which will result into the following rules:
1) If condition (max), condtion (sus) are both carrying different signs ,then the
one with (+) value of the slope (a) will be the control
2) If both conditions carries the same sign then the one with algebraically
largest slope will be control

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 4.6 HELPFUL DESIGN HINTS

 After obtaining the value of Fi and the corresponding e ,

area of prestressing steel can be obtained using
(APS = Fi / fpi)

 Then actual APS are obtained, then recompute actual Fi

with the corresponding e and insure it still within the
feasible domain.

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 4.6 HELPFUL DESIGN HINTS

 In the case of the numerical design 3 iterations will be held

 1) start assuming e =(e )mp then and substitute condition 5 in condition 3

(way3) which will result in : Mmax + σts*zb
ɳFi = *
(eo)mp-kt

Once final Fi and e are obtained, a recheck must be done for condition(1)
through (5) to insure that code requirement are satisfied.

If this trail fail go to the 2nd trail

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 4.7 HELPFUL DESIGN HINTS

 2) solve conditions (1) & (4) ( 2 equation with two unknown ) , and obtain
the value of Fi and e , round up the number of strand & compute actual Fi
and the corresponding e, then recheck conditions 2,3 and 5
 If this trail fails try the a final trail

 3) solve conditions (5) & (3) ( 2 equation with two unknown ) , and obtain
the value of Fi and e , round up the number of strand & compute actual Fi
and the corresponding e, then recheck conditions 1,2 and 4

 If the final trail fails to satisfy the stress condition this lead to the
conclusion that the cross section is small to handle the applied loads
 And required ( minimum) section modulus need to be calculated).

 One can notice that the numerical solution is time consuming

comparing to the graphical solution that’s why the graphical solution
is more preferable.
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 Preliminary design

 For preliminary design a set of equation are given that gives roughly
estimated value for start up design as follow:

1.2 * ΔM
 For (Fi) (Fi)min = *
γ * h
 Where:

ΔM : moment due to super imposed dead load +live load

γ : (kb+kt)/h , geometric efficiency for section with respect to bending
h : total height of the section

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 Preliminary design

-In case the cross section was not given the following values are given
for estimating the value of γ
1) For rectangular shape γ =1/3
2) For T- beam section γ =0.4
3) For box girder shape γ =0.55

-also an estimating value were given for h , that depending on the

Span-to depth ratio and as follows:
For beams : L/h > 20
For slabs: L/h > 35

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Ex

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20
 4.8 USE OF STRESS INEQUALITY CONDITIONS FOR
THE DESIGN OF SECTION PROPERITES

 As mentioned before that numerical solution is an iterative method and lead

for no feasible values for (Fi , e)
 And as also for the graphical solution this may happens were a feasible
domain may not occurs which as explained in the following 3 cases :

kt
 1) when the slope (a) for condition(1) > condition (3)

1/Fi
kb

Inqe.1
Inqe.2
Inqe.3
Inqe.4 e(+)
Inqe.5
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4.8 USE OF STRESS INEQUALITY CONDITIONS FOR
THE DESIGN OF SECTION PROPERITES

 2) when the slope (a)

kt
 for condition(2) > condition (4)
1/Fi
kb

e(+)
 3) when the emp lies above the domain
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Inqe.1
Inqe.2
Inqe.3
Inqe.4
Inqe.5
4.8 USE OF STRESS INEQUALITY CONDITIONS FOR
THE DESIGN OF SECTION PROPERITES

 In such cases the required (minimum) section modulus (Z) is calculated for
both bottom and top fiber
 The following assumptions are taken to facilitate the dervations:
 1) Mmax _, σcs control the design for condition 3

 2) prestress losses happen instenesouly under the effect of the self-weight

 3) 4 stress conditions shall be considered , were the the 4 unknowns are

( zt, zb, Fi, e) ,

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4.8 USE OF STRESS INEQUALITY CONDITIONS FOR
THE DESIGN OF SECTION PROPERITES

 Resulting into the following equations:

(zt)req)max = Mmax -ɳ MG * (zt)req)sus = Msus -ɳ MG *

σcs - ɳ σ ti σsus - ɳ σ ti
(zb)req = Mmax -ɳMG *
σci - σ ts

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4.8 USE OF STRESS INEQUALITY CONDITIONS FOR
THE DESIGN OF SECTION PROPERITES

 Rearranging the equations in the term of ΔM:

(zt)req)max = ΔM + (1-ɳ)MG (zt)req)sus = ΔM sus – (1-ɳ)MG

* *
σcs - ɳ σ ti σcsus - ɳ σ ti

(zt)req) = ΔM + (1-ɳ)MG
*
σci - ɳ σ ts

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Magnel Diagram
Top face
Toward minimum Pi

y1 kt * pt14
x
x 1/Pi
pt12 Practical feasible domain
x
y2 kb
pt13 Minimum practical Pi
*
pt11 x
emp
* (hc)min
Bottom face

Minimum Pi
e

2
6
Methods of Prestressing

 Pre-tensioning is used to describe a method of

prestressing in which the tendons are tensioned before the
concrete is placed, and the prestress is transferred to the
concrete when a suitable cube strength is reached.

Post-tensioning is a method of prestressing in which the

tendon is tensioned after the concrete has reached a
suitable strength. The tendons are anchored against the
hardened concrete immediately after prestressing.

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Design for
Class 1&2

azlanfka/utm05/mab1053 28
Inequalities for Zt and Zb

 Re-arranging the
Zt 
M s  M i )
f )
above inequalities by
combining, the
expressions for Zt and max  f '
min
Zb can be obtained.

M s  M i )
 These two inequalities
may be used to
Zb 
 f  f min )
estimate the
'
preliminary section for
max
design.

azlanfka/utm05/mab1053 29
Magnel Diagram 1
3 4
108
Pi
2

azlanfka/utm05/mab1053 30