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SMU3013
WEEK 4: CHAPTER 2 : NUMBER SYSTEM
editedbynurhamiza
2.1 Subsets of real numbers
(i) Natural Numbers (N)
N = { 1, 2, 3, 4, …}
(ii) Whole Number (W)
W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…}
={0}N
(iii) Integers
1/2 = 0.5
5/4 = 1.25
(ii) Repeating decimal numbers
1/3 = 0.333…
157/ 495 = 0.31717…
2/3 = 0.666…
Example 3:
Solution:
Let x = 0.1515…
100x = 15.15…
100x – x = 15
99x = 15
x = 15/99 = 5/33 #
Example 4:
Solution:
Let x = -0.1666…
100x = -16.666…
10x = -1.666…
100x – 10x = -15
90x = -15
x = -15/90 = -1/6 #
Note : N W Z Q
Example 5:
Solution:
Solution:
Let x = 0.28282858…
100x = 28.2828…
100x – x = 28
99x = 28
x = 28/99 #
(v) Irrational Numbers ( Q’ @ H)
R = { x | xQ xQ’}
= Q Q’
(a) Positive Real Numbers (R+)
R+ = { xR : x > 0 }
(b) Negative Real Numbers (R-)
R- = { x R : x < 0 }
Note:
R = R+ {0} R-
then, N W Z Q R
(vii) Prime Numbers
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Example 6:
Draw the real line number for:
(i) {2, -1.5, , 2/3, 2}
(iii) {x R|3 x 3}
Real Numbers (R)
Example 7:
(iv | an | = | a | n
Example 9:
Simplifying the absolute value of the following expression.
(i) | - 4 – x2 | = | - (4 + x2) |
= | 4 + x2| (by property (i))
= 4 + x2
(ii) | 2x – 6 | = | 2(x – 3) |
= 2 | x – 3 | (by property (ii))
2.4 Distance between two points
Absolute value also can be used to get the distance between
two points. For example, the distance on the real line
between the numbers –2 and 3 is 5.
-2 0 3
Or, 5
| 3 – (-2) | = 5 @ | (-2) – 3 | = 5
Then,
If a and b are real numbers, the distance between the points a and
b on the real line is
|b–a| or | a – b |
Example 10:
i. The distance between the number –8 and 2 is:
Let a,b,cR
(i) Reflexive property a=a
(ii) Symmetry property a = b then b = a
(iii)Transitive property a = b and b = c, then a = c
(iv) Replacement property
If a = b, then a can be replaced with b without denying the
truth of the statement.
(b) Operation for Real Numbers
(i) Addition : if 4, 9R
then, 4 + 9 = 13
(ii) Subtraction : 8–2=6
(iii) Multiplication : 1.2=2
(iv) Division : 42=2
(c) Properties of Real Numbers
Let a,b,c R . Then,
(i) Closure Property : a + b R , ab R
(ii) Commutative Property : a + b = b + a ;
ab = ba
(iii) Associative Property : (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
(ab)c = a(bc)
(iv) Identity Property : a+0=a=0+a
a.1=a=1.A
(v) Inverse : a + (-a) = 0 = (-a) + a
1 1
a . 1 . a ; a0
a a
1
a is called reciprocal of a.
(vi) Distributive property : a (b + c) = ab + ac
(b + c) a = ab + ac
Theorem :
If a, b, c, dR, then,
(i) If a = b then a + c = b + c
(ii) – (– a) = a
Proof :
(i) Let a = b
Since a + c = a + c (reflexive)
then, a+c=b+c # ( a = b)
(ii) – (– a) = – (– a) + 0 (identity)
= – (– a) + (– a + a) (Inverse)
= [– (– a) + (– a)] + a (associative)
=0+a (inverse)
=a# (identity)
Example 11:
Let a,b,c,dR. Prove that
(a + b)(c + d) = ac + bc + ad + bd
Solution :
(a + b)(c + d) = ( a + b)c + (a + b) d (distributive)
= (ac + bc) + (ad + bd) #
Example 12:
Determine whether N has closure property for these operation
addition (+) and subtraction ( -).
Solution :
Let a, bN
Then, it’s clearly that a + b N.
So, N is closed under addition.#
But, a – b isn’t necessarily N members.
Use counterexample: Let 5, 8 N
5 – 8 = -3N
N is not closed under subtraction (-) #
Example 13:
Determine whether set Z has closure property for these
operations *
a*b=
a b
ab
Given a, b Z, is a b Z ?
Solution:
Say that a = 5, b = 2
52=
5 2 7
Z therefore a b Z
52 10