I N S T R U M E N TA S I I M E J I N G _ 0 4

X-ray Tube Design

electron beam generator

tungsten target
metal

resultant X-ray
beam

2
 Perkembangan Tabung X-Ray Tube

• Dr. Roentgen menggunakan tabung

Crookes-Hittorf untuk membuat
citra X-ray pertama kali
• Tidak ada shielding sehingga X-Ray
memancarkan ke segala arah
Tabung X-Ray
pada tahun 1948
Permasalahan mesin X-ray pada awal-awal
penemuan:
– Excessive radiation exposure
– Electric Shock

Forms of tube used by Roentgen in

1895–1896 for the production of X rays.
Modern X-Ray Tube
 X-RAY TUBE STRUCTURE
Tube Insert (Cathode, Anode)

Tube housing
 The X-Ray Tube Insert

Glass envelope is used to enclose the vacuum within the x-ray tube.
The envelope is joined to the copper anode at one end and the nickel cathode
support at the other re-entrant seal.
The glass must be a good electrical insulator, or a substantial current will
flow through it when a potential difference is applied between the anode and
cathode.
Internal Components (Cathode and Anode)
CATHODE
• Merupakan terminal negative tabung sinar-X
• Terdiri atas dua element utama:
- Filament
- Metallic focusing cup
CATHODE
FILAMENT
• Terbuat dari kawat tungsten dengan diameter kawat sekitar 2
mm dengan panjang 1 sampai 2 cm.
• Merupakan sumber electron melalui proses thermal emission
• Thermal emission merupakan proses rilis electron akibat
pemanasan yang terjadi di filament melalui arus yang diberikan
pada filamen
 ADVANTAGES OF TUNGSTEN AS CATHODE

• High melting point (3410oC)

• Difficult to vaporize.
• Stability
• The addition 1% to 2% thorium to the tungsten
filament enhances the efficiency of thermionic emission
and prolongs tube life
Tube lifetime
 FOCUSSING CUP

• Made from nickel

• Embedded with filament
• berfungsi untuk membentuk atau
mengatur berkas electron sehingga
menghindari berkas yang bombardir
ke target
• Cup didesain dalam bentuk tertentu
supaya berkas electron mengumpul
(converge) mengarah ke anoda
small: 0.1 to 1 mm
Large: 0,3 to 2 mm
METALLIC FOCUSSING CUP
Anoda

• Bagian positif dari X-Ray Tube

• Tempat target berada
• Meradiasikan panas
• Terbuat dari tungsten (general)
• Molybdenum dan rhodium (mammografi)
Fungsi Anoda

• It receives electrons emitted by the cathode and

conducts them through the tube to the connecting
Electrical cables and back to the high voltage generator
conductor

• It provides mechanical support for the target

Mechanical
support

• When projectile electrons from cathode interact

with anode, more than 99% of their kinetic energy
Thermal is converted into heat
dissipater
Konfigurasi Anoda

Stationary Anode
X-Ray Tube

Rotating Anode
X-Ray Tube

20
 Stationary Anode X-ray Tube
 Daya listrik rendah
 desain dan konstruksi relative simple sehingga low cost.
 Cocok untuk produksi sinar-X dengan intensitas rendah
dan medium
 digunakan pada dental radiography, mobile x-ray,
penggunaan khusus yang tidak memerlukan power tinggi.

22
 ADVANTAGES OF TUNGSTEN AS CATHODE

• High atomic number

• High melting point (3370o C).
• Little tendency to vaporize.
• Stability
• Malleability and strength
• Long life expectancy.
• Easy to sharp
 Stationary anode tube: insert and housing

Limit area of targat limits the heat dissipation  limit tube maximum current  limit maximum24flux x-ray
 Construction of
Stationary Anode Tube

25
Rotating Anode X-ray Tube

 menghasilkan intensitas X-Ray

yang besar karena luasan target
lebih besar
Karena luasan yang lebih lebar,
maka panas tidak akan terfokus
pada satu spot yang kecil
memiliki pengaturan cooling yang
lebih efektif pada anoda

26
 • rhenium, ditambahan untuk menambah kekuatan
mekanik pada keceptan rotasi yang tinggi
Pemilihan • Grafit dan molybdenum, ringan sedingga mudah
untuk berputar
bahan
 • Induksi motor
Anoda yang
berputar
• 3400-10.000 rpm
Induction motor
Responsible for driving the rotating anode.
Consists of two parts separated by the glass envelope.

Arus AC yang melewati stator akan menimbulkan medan magnet yang melingkar
sehingga menginduksi arus listrik pada rotor sehingga rotor berputar
• There is a short delay before exposure
• This allows rotor to accelerate to its designed rpm while filament
is heated
• During this time, filament curret is increased to provide the
correct X-Ray tube current
• Switch should be pushed to its final position in one motion
A rotating anode tube fails
Focal Spot

Focal spot: area dalam material

target dimana electron menumbuk
untuk menghasilkan sinar-X.
Semakin kecil focal spot, semakin
tinggi resolusi spasialnya
Semakin kecil area maka panas akan
terfokus di area kecil tersebut
34
Line focus principle
• Make the effective area of target
much smaller than the actual area
of electron interaction
• Anoda angle for diagnostic image
is: 5 to 20 degrees
 Effective focus is given by:
a = r sin 
where, r = true length of the line focus
and  = anode angle

 The effective focus is smaller than the true focus, a < r.

 Anode Heel Effect

Anode heel effect is due to the higher

absorption of those X-rays which pass
through the greater thickness of target.
The intensity of x-rays that are emitted
through the “heel” of the target is
reduced because they have a longer path
through the target and therefore
increased absorption
X-Ray Tube Failure
X-ray Tube house
Rating chart
• Radiographic Rating Chart
• Anoda Cooling Chart
• Housing Cooling Chart
Radiographic cooling chart
Anode Cooling Chart
Housing Cooling Chart