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Definition
• Water pumps are devices designed to convert
mechanical energy to hydraulic energy.
• They are used to move water from lower
points to higher points with a required
discharge and pressure head.
• This chapter will deal with the basic hydraulic
concepts of water pumps
Pump Classification
• Turbo-hydraulic (kinetic) pumps
Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps)
Propeller pumps (axial-flow pumps)
Jet pumps (mixed-flow pumps)
• Positive-displacement pumps
Screw pumps
Reciprocating pumps
• This classification is based on the
way by which the water leaves the
rotating part of the pump.
• In radial-flow pump the water
leaves the impeller in radial
direction,
• while in the axial-flow pump the
water leaves the propeller in the
axial direction.
• In the mixed-flow pump the water
leaves the impeller in an inclined
direction having both radial and
axial components
• Radial Flow - a centrifugal pump in which the
pressure is developed wholly by centrifugal force.
Flow Expansion
Discharge
Casing
Suction Eye Impeller
Impeller
Vanes
Centrifugal Pump:
• Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps) are the most
used pumps for hydraulic purposes. For this reason,
their hydraulics will be studied in the following
sections.
Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps
1. Impeller:
• Which is an air-tight
passage surrounding the
impeller
• designed to direct the
liquid to the impeller
and lead it away
• Volute casing. It is of
spiral type in which the
area of the flow
increases gradually.
3. Suction Pipe.
4. Delivery Pipe.
5. The Shaft: which is the bar by which the
power is transmitted from the motor drive to
the impeller.
6. The driving motor: which is responsible for
rotating the shaft. It can be mounted directly
on the pump, above it, or adjacent to it.
Note that a centrifugal pump can be
either submersible (wet) or dry.
Hydraulic Analysis of Pumps and Piping
Systems
• Pump can be placed in two possible position in
reference to the water levels in the reservoirs.
• We begin our study by defining all the
different terms used to describe the pump
performance in the piping system.
Hydraulic Analysis of Pumps and Piping Systems
Case 1
hfd
H md
H stat
Ht
hd
fs
h
hs
Datum pump
center line
H ms
hs
Case 2
H stat
H ms H md
hf s hd
Ht
hf d
center line
Datum pump
The following terms can be defined
• hs (static suction head): it is the difference in
elevation between the suction liquid level and the
centerline of the pump impeller.
• hd (static discharge head): it is the difference in
elevation between the discharge liquid level and
the centerline of the pump impeller.
• Hstat (static head): it is the difference (or sum) in
elevation between the static discharge and the
static suction heads: H h h
stat d s
• Hms (manometric suction head): it is the suction
gage reading (if a manometer is installed just at the
inlet of the pump, then Hms is the height to which
the water will rise in the manometer).
• Hmd (manometric discharge head): it is the
discharge gage reading (if a manometer is installed
just at the outlet of the pump, then Hmd is the
height to which the water will rise in the
manometer).
• Hm (manometric head): it is the increase of
pressure head generated by the pump:
Hm Hmd Hms
• Ht (total dynamic head): it is the total head
delivered by the pump:
Vd2 Vs2
Ht Hm d ( Hm s ) Case 1 Eq.(1)
2g 2g
Vd2 Vs2
Ht Hm d ( Hm s ) Case 2 Eq.(2)
2g 2g
• Ht can be written in another form as follows:
Hmd hd h f d hmd
Vs2
H m s hs h f s hm s Case 1
2g
Vs2
H m s hs h f s hm s Case 2
2g
Substitute into eq. (1)
Vd2 Vs2 Vs2
Ht hd h f d hmd hs h f s hms
2g 2g 2g
but
H stat hd hs
Vd2 Eq.(3)
H t H stat h f d hmd h f s hm s
2g Case 1
• Equation (3) can be applied to Case 2 with the
exception that : Hstat hd hs
Pd Vd2 Ps Vs2
Ht Z d Z s Eq.(4)
2g 2g
Pump Efficiency
Power output Po Q Ht
p
Power input Pi Pi
or
Q Ht
Pi
p
Pi
m
Pm
Pi
Pm which is the power input delivered to the motor.
m
o p m
Po
o
Pm
Cavitation of Pumps and NPSH
• In general, cavitation occurs when the liquid pressure
at a given location is reduced to the vapor pressure of
the liquid.
• For a piping system that includes a pump, cavitation
occurs when the absolute pressure at the inlet falls
below the vapor pressure of the water.
• This phenomenon may occur at the inlet to a pump and
on the impeller blades, particularly if the pump is
mounted above the level in the suction reservoir.
• Under this condition, vapor bubbles form (water
starts to boil) at the impeller inlet and when these
bubbles are carried into a zone of higher pressure,
they collapse abruptly and hit the vanes of the
impeller (near the tips of the impeller vanes). causing:
• To avoid cavitation, the pressure head at the inlet should not fall
below a certain minimum which is influenced by the further
reduction in pressure within the pump impeller.
• To accomplish this, we use the difference between the total head
at the inlet s s , and the water vapor pressure head
2
P V
Pvapor 2g
Where we take the datum through the centerline of the pump
impeller inlet (eye). This difference is called the Net Positive
Suction Head (NPSH), so that
Vs2 Pvapor
Ps
NPSH
2g
There are two values of NPSH of interest. The first is the required NPSH,
denoted (NPSH)R , that must be maintained or exceeded so that cavitation
will not occur and usually determined experimentally and provided by the
manufacturer.
The second value for NPSH of concern is the available NPSH, denoted
(NPSH)A , which represents the head that actually occurs for the particular
piping system. This value can be determined experimentally, or calculated if
the system parameters are known.
How we avoid Cavitation ??
at T 20 o
Patm 10.14 kN / m 2
PVapor 2.335 kN / m 2
Thoma’s cavitation constant
( NPSH )R
Ht
Hstat Shl
50
H (m) 40
30
20
10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Q (m3 /hr)
System with valve partially closed
120
100
Head (m) 80
60
40
Static head (z2-z1)
20
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Discharge (m3/s)
H p ( z2 z1 ) fn(Q)
System Characteristic Curve
Ht H stat h L
Pump Characteristic Curves
• Pump manufacturers provide information on the performance
of their pumps in the form of curves, commonly called pump
characteristic curves (or simply pump curves).
Efficiency
cy
cien
40 50%
effi
40%
%
30
20
10
Q (m3/hr)
Pumps Group
• The pump characteristic curves are very important to help
select the required pump for the specified conditions.
• If the system curve is plotted on the pump curves in we may
produce the following Figure:
Efficiency %
60 ncy 60%
50 50%
icie
H (m) 40%
eff
40 System Curve
30
20
10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Q (m3 /hr)
System Characteristic Curve
Ht H stat h L
Selected Pump
Elevated Tank
Selected Pump
System Curve & Pump Curve cases
Pump Curve
System Curve
Pump Curve
System Curve
Pump Curve
System Curve
Example 1
A Pump has a cavitation constant = 0.12, this pump was instructed
on well using UPVC pipe of 10m length and 200mm diameter, there
are elbow (ke=1) and valve (ke=4.5) in the system. the flow is 35m3
and The total Dynamic Head Ht = 25m (from pump curve)
f=0.0167
Calculate the maximum suction head
L V2 10 1.112
h fS f 0.0167 0.053m
D 2g 0.2 2 g
Patm PVapor
(NPSH)A hS h f S hmS
γair γVapor
3 hS 0.053 0.283 0.063 9.69 0.2
hS 6.088m
Example 2
For the following pump, determine the required pipes diameter to
pump 60 L/s and also calculate the needed power.
Minor losses 10 v2/2g
Pipe length 10 km
roughness = 0.15 mm
hs = 20 m
Q 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
L/s
Ht 31 35 38 40.6 42.5 43.7 44.7 45
P 40 53 60 60 57 50 35 -
To get 60 L/s from the pump hs + hL must be < 35 m
A 0.070m 2 , V 0.85m / s
Re 2.25 10 5 , K S / D 0.0005, f 0.019
0.019 10000 0.85
2
hf 23.32m
0.3 19.62
10 V 2 10 0.85
2
hm 0.37m
2g 2g
hs h f hm 43.69m 35m
Assume the diameter = 350mm
Then:
A 0.0962m 2 ,V 0.624m / s
hs h f hm 30.68m 35m
HSTAT h d h S 13 7 20m
There are an operation point at:
Q = 9 m3/hr H =58m
NPSHR =4.1
Then Check NPSHA
Q 9 / 3600
V 1.27m/s
π
A 0.05
2
4
24 1.27
2
hL 2.0m
2g
Patm PVapor
(NPSH) A h S h f S h mS
γ air γ Vapor
(NPSH) A 7 2 10.3 0.25
(NPSH) A 1.05 4.1
Qtotal
Qtotal =Q1+Q2+Q3
Pump Pump Pump
Q1 Q2 Q3
• In this configuration any number of the pumps can be
operated simultaneously.
• The objective being to deliver a range of discharges,
i.e.; the discharge is increased but the pressure head
remains the same as with a single pump.
• This is a common feature of sewage pumping stations
where the inflow rate varies during the day.
• By automatic switching according to the level in the
suction reservoir any number of the pumps can be
brought into operation.
How to draw the pump curve for pumps in
parallel???
• The manufacturer gives the pump curve for a single
pump operation only.
• If two or pumps are in operation, the pumps curve
should be calculated and drawn using the single pump
curve.
• For pumps in parallel, the curve of two pumps, for
example, is produced by adding the discharges of the
two pumps at the same head (assuming identical
pumps).
Pumps in series & Parallel
j n
H m H m1 H m2 H m3 H mn
(b) Series Operation
• The series configuration which is used whenever we
need to increase the pressure head and keep the
discharge approximately the same as that of a single
pump
• This configuration is the basis of multistage pumps;
the discharge from the first pump (or stage) is
delivered to the inlet of the second pump, and so on.
• The same discharge passes through each pump
receiving a pressure boost in doing so
Pump Pump Pump
Q
Q Htotal =H1+H2+H3
How to draw the pump curve for pumps in
series???
• the manufacturer gives the pump curve for a single
pump operation only.
• For pumps in series, the curve of two pumps, for
example, is produced by adding the heads of the two
pumps at the same discharge.
• Note that, of course, all pumps in a series system
must be operating simultaneously
H
3H1
Three pumps
in series
H1
2H1 Two pumps
in series
H1
H1
Single pump
H1
Q
Q1
Constant- and Variable-Speed Pumps
NPSH - m
6
4
NPSH 2
0
70 Pump Curve 80%
60 70%
Efficiency %
50 60%
H (m)
y
ienc
40 50%
c
effi
40%
30
20
10
Q (m3/hr)
Variable-speed pumps
N Q
Ns 3
H 4
• Hstat = 15 m
• Friction losses (including equivalent entrance losses) =
8 f LQ 2
h fs hms h fd hmd 2 g D5
8 0.024 (69 6) 2
Q
g (0.3)
2 5
2g 2g A
where Q in m3/s
Thus:
• H t 15 71.41Q 2 where Q in m3/s
or
3
• H t 15 19.83 10 Q 2
where Q in m3/min
• From this equation and the figures given in the problem the
following table is compiled:
Discharge (m3/min) 0 4.5 9.0 13.5 18.0 22.5
Head available (m) 22.5 22.2 21.6 19.5 14.1 0
Head required (m) 15.0 15.4 16.6 18.6 21.4 25.0
Pump and Sytem Curves
28
26
24
22
20
18
Head,Ht (m)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4 Pump Curve
2 System Curve
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
28
26
24
22
20
A
18
Head,Ht (m)
16
14 B
12
10
8
Pump Curve
6 System Curve
4 A
2 B
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
2
H Q
H B QB
16 2
H 2 Q 0.327Q 2
7
28
26
24
22
C
20
A
18
Head,Ht (m)
16
14 B
12 Pump Curve
10 System Curve
8 A
6
B
4
C
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Abbreviations:
G.V = Gate Valve
C.V = Check Valve
A.V = Air release Valve
E.R = Eccentric Reducer
C.I = Concentric increase
I.N = Inlet Nozzle
O.N = Outlet Nozzle
S.P = Suction Pipe
D.P = Delivery Pipe
W.W = Wet Well
D.W = Dry Well
Data:
1. Flow rates and dimensions:
Qmax = 0.05 m3/s Qmin = 0.025 m3/s
LS.P = 5.0 m LD.P = 513.5 m
DS.P = 250mm DD.P = 200mm
Hstat = 5.3 m, hS = 3.0 m
I . N O. N 150 mm
3. Coefficient of friction:
f = 0.02 (assumed constant).
4. Pump characteristic curves:
Required??
Ht H stat h L or
Vd2
H t H stat h f s hm s h f d hm d
2g
• Friction losses:
Ls Vs2 . )2
5.0 (102
h fs f 0.02 * * 0.021m
Ds 2 g 0.25 2 * 9.81
• Minor losses:
Vs2 . )2
(102
hms (0.3 01
. 01
. ) 0.5 * 0.027 m
2g 2 * 9.81
Head losses in the delivery pipe:
• For Qmax = 0.05 m3/s.
Qmax 0.05 * 4
Vd 16
. m/ s
Ad (0.20) 2
• Friction losses:
Ld Vd2 5135. . )2
(16
h fd f 0.02 * * 6.7 m
Dd 2 g 0.2 2 * 9.81
• Minor losses:
Vd2 . )2
(16
hmd (0.2 0.05 0.2 0.05 2.5 01
. 2 * 0.05) 3.2 * 0.42 m
2g 2 * 9.81
Therefore
Vd2
H t H stat h f s hm s h f d hm d
2g
. )2
(16
Ht 5.3 0.027 0.021 0.42 6.7 5.3 7.3 12.6 mwc
2 * 9.81
h L Q ( K ) Q ( K ) Q ( K K )
2 2 2
hL Q K
2
hL 2963.88Q
2
• Thus:
H t 5.3 2963.88Q 2
hLi Qi K
2
• for a given Qi , we have
hL max Qmax K
2
• for Qmax , we have
• Therefore
hLi Qi2
2
hL max Qmax
• Or Qi
2
h
Li * h L max
Qmax
Operating
12.6
point
It is clear from the above figure that the required pump is the
35-cm impeller pump
Pump Power Input and Efficiency
• From the pump curve we can read Pi = 7.5 kw
7.5 *10 3
Pi 7.5 kw 10 HP
745
• and hence
Po Q H t 1000 * 9.81* 0.05 *12.60 618
.
p 0.824 82%
Pi Pi 7.5 *1000 7.6
Overall Efficiency and Motor Power Input
• Overall efficiency
o p m 0.9 * 082
. 0.738 738
. %
Po 618
.
o 0.738
Pm Pm
• and hence
Pm 8.27 kw 11.2 HP
Check for Cavitation:
• To prevent cavitation we must have:
(NPSH)A (NPSH)R
• For water at T=25oC, Patm= 101 kN/m2, and Pvapor = 3.17 kN/m2.
Patm Pvapor
• Using the equation ( NPSH ) A hs h f s hm s
101*1000 317
. *1000
• we can write ( NPSH ) A 3 0.021 0.027
1000 * 9.81 1000 * 9.81
( NPSH ) A 12.924 m 3 m
• no cavitation.
Home Work
Centrifugal Pump Working