Air and Gas Analysis

Air and gas analysis
Air and Gas Analysis
Air analysis is difficult because
Very low levels of substances

Sharp variations in pollution level with time ,location,
temperature and humidity
Remoteness
Difficult to mimic
 Continuous monitoring
Pollution categories
Ambient air pollution standard
SO2, CO, NOx, non methane hydrocarbons, particulate matter
Primary standard: Air quality necessary to protect public

health
Secondary standard: Protect against expected adverse effect
of air pollutants upon materials, animals and vegetation
Regulatory standard: For specific installation: coal power plant
Specific hazard standard : Hazardous materials to human
health: Asbestos, mercury
Vehicular emission standards: Hydrocarbons, CO, and NOx,
and particals.
Change of atmospheric pollution levels during a day
Air Sampling
Difficult because ever changing concentrations
Large sample is required
Automatic online sampling and detection
High sampling rate (0.003-3 m3/min)
Duration
End result depends on
No of samples
Size of samples
Duration
Air Sampling methods
Sedimentation- passive sampling

Cryosampling
Use of liquid nitrogen to freeze out pollutants
Absorption on to solvents
Partitioning the pollutants in solvents
Absorption on to solids
SPE
SPME
Passive air samplers
Denuders
Use of diffusion to separate air from particles
Diffusion scrubbers
Use of diffusion filters to separate air from particles
SPME adsorption
Passive air sampling

Passive air sampling

Cryotrap
Denuders
Diffusion scrubbers
Methods of analysis
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Available techniques
 Flame photometry
 Gas chromatography
 Spectrophotometry
 Electrochemical methods
Spectrophotometrc method for determination of SO2
SO2 trapped on to potassium tetrachloromercurate

HgCl42- +SO2 + H2O  HgCl2SO32- + 2H+ + 2Cl -
SO2 reacted with formaldehyde to from adduct

HCHO +SO2 + 2H2O  HOCH2SO3H
The adduct is reacted with pararosaniline hydrochloride to form red dye
+SO2 + H+ 
Conductivity method for determination of SO2

SO2 is collected in hydroxide peroxide solution and
measure the increased conductivity of formed sulfuric
acid
Ion chromatography method for determination of SO2
SO2 is collected in hydroxide peroxide solution and

measure level of SO42- ion
Non dispersive IR spectroscopy

Determination of nitrogen oxides
Chemiluminescent
Spetrophotometry (azodye formation)
Spetrophotometry
Gasphase spectroscopy
NO +O3  NO2* + O2
 Requires conversion of NOx to NO for NO2 detection

 Achieved by passing gas through thermal converter
 Not a wet chemical methods
 Allows continuous monitoring
Online Chemiluminescent measurement of NOX
Determination Oxidants (Ozone, peroxides, chlorine)

Classical spectroscopic method
O3 + 2H+ + 3I-  I3- + O2 + H2O
The absorbance of colored I3- is measured spectroscopically

NO2 will interfere.
Standard method is chemiluminacent
Ozone is reacted with ethylene to form chemilumenacent

transient complex.
Reaction of ozone with ethylene.
Carbon monoxides
By non dispersive IR spectrometry
Carbon monoxides
By non dispersive IR spectrometry
Carbon monoxides
By flame ionization GC
 Flame ionization GC method requires

conversion of CO into CH4
 Achieved by catalytic reduction to methane by
Ni (methanizer)
FID with Methanizer
Air In
Determination of hydrocarbons.
 By flame ionization detector
 By nondispersive IR technology
 Use stripper column to remove water, CO2 and non methane
hydrocarbons to separate from CH4 and CO.
Analysis of Particulate matter

 Categorized as collection filter size
PM 2.5
PM 10
 Collected by Hi- volume sampler : total particulate matter

 Collected by impacter: Size separated collection
Particle analysis :
 Appropriate digestion/extraction for chemical analysis
 Wave length dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer
 Mass spectral analysis (Drift tube ion mobility mass
spectrometry)
Hi- volume sampler

Cascade impactor
Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometer.

Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrum

Drift tube ion mobility mass spectrometry

Drift tube ion mobility mass spectrometry

Air and Gas Analysis

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Air and Gas Analysis

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Air and gas analysis

Air and Gas Analysis

Air analysis is difficult because

Very low levels of substances

Primary standard: Air quality necessary to protect public

End result depends on

Sedimentation- passive sampling

Use of liquid nitrogen to freeze out pollutants

Passive air sampling

Passive air sampling

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Spectrophotometrc method for determination of SO2

SO2 trapped on to potassium tetrachloromercurate

SO2 reacted with formaldehyde to from adduct

The adduct is reacted with pararosaniline hydrochloride to form red dye

Conductivity method for determination of SO2

Ion chromatography method for determination of SO2

SO2 is collected in hydroxide peroxide solution and

Non dispersive IR spectroscopy

Determination of nitrogen oxides

 Requires conversion of NOx to NO for NO2 detection

Determination Oxidants (Ozone, peroxides, chlorine)

The absorbance of colored I3- is measured spectroscopically

Standard method is chemiluminacent

Ozone is reacted with ethylene to form chemilumenacent

 Flame ionization GC method requires

FID with Methanizer

Analysis of Particulate matter

 Collected by Hi- volume sampler : total particulate matter

Hi- volume sampler

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometer.

Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrum

Drift tube ion mobility mass spectrometry

Drift tube ion mobility mass spectrometry

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