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Optics
Optics is the branch of physics which
involves the behavior and properties of light.
A Beginning Definition
All objects are
emitting and absorbing
EM radia-tion.
Consider a poker
placed in a fire.
As heating occurs, the 1
emitted EM waves have 2
higher energy and 3
eventually become 4
visible. First red . . .
then white.
Light may be defined as electromagnetic
radiation that is capable of affecting the
sense of sight.
The Nature of Light
By the 17th century,
light had been observed to…
Light is ...
• a wave when it acts like a wave
• a particle when it acts like a
particle
• What we know as light or
VISIBLE LIGHT is actually a type
of something called
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION.
V = fl
Where,
V = Speed of E/M Wave (m/s)
f = Frequency (s -1 or 1/s or Hz)
l = wavelength (m)
• the speed of a wave in a certain medium
is always constant.
c = 3 x 108 m/s
= 300,000,000 m/s
=671,000,000 mph
= 186,000 miles per second
c = fl
• c is constant throughout the universe, as
long as light is in a vacuum.
• when it is in other materials, c can change,
but can never be larger than its value in
a vacuum.
• since c is constant, all of E/M waves will
have a corresponding frequency to go along
with their wavelength.
Example: What is the
frequency of light Solution:
having a wavelength of
500 nm?
c = fl
Given: f = c/l
c = 3x108 m/s f = 3x108 m/s /
l = 500 nm = 500x10-9 m 500x10-9 m
Required: f = ?
f= 6.0x10-14 Hz
Properties of Light
• Reflection – the bouncing back of
light from a surface that it strikes
into the medium through which it has
traveled.
• Reflection from a mirror:
Normal
Angle of Angle of
incidence reflection
Mirror
The Law of Reflection
reflection qr :
Wate
qi = qr r
All ray angles are measured with respect to
normal N.
2. The incident ray, 3. The rays
the reflected ray, are
and the normal N completely
all lie in the same reversible.
plane.
• Refraction - the bending back of
light on passing obliquely from one
medium into a second medium in which
its speed is different.
Refraction Distorts Vision
Ai Ai
r r
Wate Wate
r r
n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2
Where,
n1 = index of refraction ( 1st
medium)
n2 = index of refraction ( 2nd
medium)
θ1= angle of incidence
θ2 = angle of refraction
Index of Refraction of Common Materials
The Index of Refraction
The index of refraction for a material is the ratio
of the velocity of light in a vacuum (3 x 108 m/s)
to the velocity through the material.
Index of refraction c
c
n n
c
v v
v
Examples: Air n= 1; glass n = 1.5; Water n = 1.33
Example 1. Light travels from air (n = 1) into glass, where
its velocity reduces to only 2 x 108 m/s.
What is the index of refraction for glass?
vair = c c 3 x 10 m/s 8
Air n 8
v 2 x 10 m/s
Glass
For glass: n = 1.50
vG = 2 x 108 m/s
vW sin q A (2 x 10 m/s)sin 60
8 0
sin qW 8
qW = 35.30
vA 3 x 10 m/s
Example:
3.A light ray of wavelength 589nm travelling through air is incident on a
smooth, flat slab of crown glass at an angle of 30.00 to the normal.
nair = 1.00
nglass = 1.52
c. If the light ray moves from the inside of the glass toward air
interface at an angle of 30.00 to the normal, determine the angle
of refraction?
Analogy for Refraction
3 x 108 m/s
Air Pavement
3 x 108 m/s
This is how
rainbows are
formed: sunlight
is “split up” by
raindrops.
Adding Colors
• White light can be split up to make separate
colours. These colours can be added together
again.
• The primary colours of light are red, blue and
green:
Purple light
White
light
Using Colored Light
• If we look at a coloured object in coloured
light we see something different. For
example, consider a football kit:
White
light
Red
Shirt looks red
light
Shorts look
black
Shirt looks
Blue black
light
Shorts look
blue
Using Filters
• Filters can be used to “block” out different colours of
light:
Red
Filter
Magenta
Filter
END