Management

theories
NSG 404/514 – Administration in Healthcare
Institutions
Prepared By
Lendell Kelly B. Ytac, RN
Motivation Theories
 What is motivation?
• Motivation – is the incentive that influences our
choice and creates direction, intensity and
persistent in our behavior (Hughes, Ginnet, &
Curphy 1999, Karfer, 1990).

• Intensity: How hard a person tries

• Direction: Where effort is channelled
• Persistence: How long effort is maintained
Two types of Motivational Theories
• Process Motivation Theories
o Expectancy theory
o Equity theory

• Content Motivation theories

o Maslow’s needs Hierarchy
o Herberg’s two-factor theory
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Physiological
– Includes hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily
needs.
• Safety
– Includes security and protection from physical and
emotional harm.
• Social
– Includes affection, belongingness, acceptance, and
friendship.
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Esteem
– Includes internal esteem factors such as self-respect,
autonomy, and achievement, and external esteem
factors such as status, recognition, and attention.
• Self-actualization
– The drive to become what one is capable of
becoming; includes growth, achieving one’s
potential, and self-fulfillment.
 Self-
actualization

Esteem

Social

Safety

Physiological
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
• Hygiene factors – the sources of dissatisfaction
– Extrinsic factors (context of work)
• Company policy and administration
• Unhappy relationship with employee’s supervisor
• Poor interpersonal relations with one’s peers
• Poor working conditions
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
• Motivators – the sources of satisfaction
– Intrinsic factors (content of work)
• Achievement
• Recognition
• Challenging, varied, or interesting work
• Responsibility
• Advancement
 McGregor’s Theory X and Y
• Theory X
– Assumes that employees dislike work, will attempt to avoid it,
and must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with
punishment if they are to perform.
• Theory Y
– Assumes that employees like work, are creative, seek
responsibility, and can exercise self-direction and self-control.
 Motivators
• Intrinsic Motivators
– A person’s internal desire to do something, due to
such things as interest, challenge, and personal
satisfaction.
• Extrinsic Motivators
– Motivation that comes from outside the person and
includes such things as pay, bonuses, and other
tangible rewards.
 Ouchi’s Theory Z
• Developed by William Ouchi (1981) based on his
years studying organization in Japan.
• Focuses on a better way of motivating people
through their environment and collective decision
making.
• Long-term employment
• Slow promotion and less direct supervision
 Motivation Theories
Motivation Main Contributors Key Aspects
Theory
Selected Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of satisfaction of
content of (1908-1970) physiological, safety, belonging,
Motivation ego ,and self actualization needs
Theories
Two Factor Frederick Herzberg Hygiene- maintenance factors =
theory (1968) prevention of job dissatisfaction:
provide adequate salary and
supervision, safe and tolerable
working conditions
Motivators = job satisfaction:
satisfying and meaningful work,
development opportunities,
responsibilities and recognition .
Motivation Main Contributors Key Aspects
Theory
Theory X Douglas McGregor Theory X: Leaders must direct and
Theory Y (1906-1964) control as motivation result from
reward and punishment
Theory Y: Leaders remove
obstacles as workers have self-
control ,self-discipline; their
reward is their involvement in the
work.
Theory Z William Ouchi (1981) Theory Z: Collective decision
making, long-term employment,
mentoring, holistic concerns, and
use of quality circles to manage
service and quality; a humanistic
style of motivation based on
Japanese organization .
References:
Kelly, P. and Crawford, H. (2008). Nursing Leadership and Management.
Canada: Nelson Education
Langton N., Robbins S. (2007) Fundamentals of Organizational
Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition ,Pearson Education Canada
Roussel L., Thomas, P., Harris, J. (2016) Management and Leadership for Nurse
Administrators. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning