Cellular Respiration

1
 Cellular Respiration
 A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O2) requiring
process that uses energy extracted from
macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy
(ATP) and water (H2O).

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

glucose ATP

2
Plants and Animals
 In what kinds organisms does cellular
respiration take place?

 Plants - Autotrophs: self-producers.

 Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.

3
 Mitochondria
 Organelle where cellular respiration takes
place.
Inner Matrix
membrane space Cristae
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane

4
Redox Reaction
 Transfer of one or more electrons from
one reactant to another.

 Two types:
1. Oxidation
2. Reduction

5
Oxidation Reaction
 The loss of electrons from a substance.
 Or the gain of oxygen.
Oxidation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +

energy
glucose ATP

6
 Reduction Reaction
 The gain of electrons to a
substance.
 Or the loss of oxygen.
Reduction

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

glucose ATP

7
 Breakdown of Cellular
Respiration
 Four main parts (reactions).

1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)

a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria.

2. Grooming Phase
a. migration from cytosol to matrix.

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Breakdown of Cellular
Respiration
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
a. mitochondrial matrix
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation
a. Also called Chemiosmosis
b. inner mitochondrial membrane.

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copyright cmassengale 10
1. Glycolysis
 Occurs in the cytosol just outside of
mitochondria.
 Two phases (10 steps):
A. Energy investment phase
a. Preparatory phase (first 5 steps).
B. Energy yielding phase
a. Energy payoff phase (second 5
steps).

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 1. Glycolysis
A. Energy Investment Phase:

Glucose (6C) C-C-C-C-C-C

2ATP
2 ATP - used
0 ATP - produced
0 NADH - produced
2ADP + P

Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) C-C-C C-C-C

(G3P or GAP)

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copyright cmassengale 13
 1. Glycolysis
B. Energy Yielding Phase
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C)
GAP GAP
(G3P or GAP) C-C-C C-C-C
4ADP + P 0 ATP - used
4 ATP - produced
2 NADH - produced
4ATP
C-C-C C-C-C
(PYR) (PYR)
Pyruvate (2 - 3C)
(PYR)
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copyright cmassengale 15
 Oxidation is the process of removing
electrons from molecules. In cellular
respiration, NAD+ is one of the oxidizing
agents used to remove electrons from
organic molecules. When NAD+ gains
electrons, it is reduced to NADH .
 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
 Flavin adenine dinucleotide

copyright cmassengale 16
 SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

REDOX

Total Net Yield

2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR)
2 - ATP (Substrate-level
Phosphorylation)
2 - NADH

copyright cmassengale 17
Substrate-Level phosphorylation
 ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a
phosphate group from a substrate to
ADP.
Enzyme
O-
C=O
C-O- P P Adenosine
P
Substrate CH2 ADP
(PEP)

Example: O-
PEP to PYR Product C=O P P P Adenosine
(Pyruvate) C=O
CH2 ATP

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 Glycolysis

Total Net Yield

2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR)
2 - ATP (Substrate-
level Phosphorylation)
2 - NADH

copyright cmassengale 19
PLANTS/FUNGI

Beer and Wine

copyright cmassengale 20
 Fermentation
 Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen” is
present (called anaerobic).
 Remember: glycolysis is part of
fermentation.
 Two Types:
1. Alcohol Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

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 Alcohol Fermentation
 Plants and Fungi  beer and wine
2ADP
2ATP
C +2 P
2NADH 2 NAD+
C
C
C C
Glycolysis C
C C
C
C 2 Pyruvic 2 Ethanol
2CO2
C 2 NAD+ 2NADH acid
released
glucose

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Alcohol Fermentation
 End Products: Alcohol fermentation

2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

2 - CO2
2 - Ethanol’s

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 Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).

2ADP
C +2 P
2ATP
C 2NADH 2 NAD+
C C C
C Glycolysis C C
C C C
C 2 NAD+ 2NADH
2 Pyruvic 2 Lactic
acid acid
Glucose

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 Lactic Acid Fermentation
 End Products: Lactic acid fermentation

2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

2 - Lactic Acids

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 2. Grooming Phase
 Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic).
 2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported
through the mitochondria membrane to the
matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
molecules.
Cytosol 2 CO2
C
C Matrix
C
2 Pyruvate C-C
2 NAD+ 2NADH 2 Acetyl CoA
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2. Grooming Phase
 End Products: grooming phase

2 - NADH
2 - CO2
2- Acetyl CoA (2C)

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3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

 Location: mitochondrial matrix.

 Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid

(4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C).
 It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to
oxidize 1 glucose molecule.

Mitochondrial
Matrix

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copyright cmassengale 30
 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
1 Acetyl CoA (2C)

OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)

Krebs 2 CO2
Cycle
FADH2 (one turn) 3 NAD+

FAD
3 NADH

ATP ADP + P 31
 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)

Citrate (6C)
OAA (4C)

Krebs 4 CO2
Cycle
2 FADH2 (two turns) 6 NAD+

2 FAD
6 NADH

2 ATP 2 ADP + P 32
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

 Total net yield (2 turns of krebs

cycle)

1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2. 6 - NADH
3. 2 - FADH2
4. 4 - CO2

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 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis)
 Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.

 Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP

Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP.

 ETC pumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane

(lowers pH in innermembrane space).

Inner
Mitochondrial
Membrane
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copyright cmassengale 35
 The reactants in cellular
respiration are: 25% 25% 25% 25%

1. CO2 & O2
2. CO2 & C6H12O6
3. O2 & C6H12O6
4. ATP & H2O

6
O2

O
2O

2O

H2
&

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H1

&
2

C6

C6
CO

P
AT
&

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2

O2
CO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20
36
 In glycolysis you need ___ATP
and make ____ ATP 25% 25% 25% 25%

1. 2 , 2
2. 2 , 4
3. 4 , 2
4. 4 , 4

4
2,

2,

4,

4,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 20
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 The phase of glycolysis
where you use 2 ATP.
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. Energy Yielding
2. Energy Investment
3. Energy Production
4. Energy Completion

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 20
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 Glycolysis results in 2 ATP
and ________. 25% 25% 25% 25%

1. 2 NADH & 2 pyruvate

2. 2 NADH & 4 ATP
3. 2 NADH+ & 2 pyruvate
4. 2 NAHH+ & 4 ATP

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 20
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 25% 25% 25% 25%
The process of making ATP by adding Phosphate from a molecule to ADP

1. ATP synthase
2. Oxidative
Phosphorylation
3. ETC
4. Substrate level
phosphorylation

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 20
40
 Water and what are made in
cellular respiration? 25% 25% 25% 25%

1. CO 2 & ATP
2. CO2 & C6H12O6
3. O2 & C6H12O6
4. O2 & ATP

6
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CO

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CO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20
41
 Where does respiration occur?
25% 25% 25% 25%

1. Nucleus
2. Chloroplasts
3. Mitochondria
4. Cytoplasm

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20
42
 What types of organisms use
cellular respiration?25% 25% 25% 25%

1. All plants
2. All Animals
3. All Eukaryotes
4. All Prokaryotes

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20
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 A molecule that loses electrons is:
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. Oxidized
2. Reduced
3. Neutralized
4. Molecularized

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44
 What is the definition of
glycolysis? 25% 25% 25% 25%

1. Making sugar
2. Making ATP
3. Splitting sugar
4. Splitting ATP

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20
45
 Where does glycolysis occur?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. Mitochondrial
matrix
2. Chloroplast
3. Nucleus
4. Cytosol

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21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20
46
 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis)
 The H+ then move via diffusion (Proton
Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make
ATP.

 All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during

this stage of cellular respiration.

 Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.

 Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC

at a lower level than NADH).
47
 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis)

Inner Matrix
membrane space Cristae
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane

48
 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis for NADH)

Intermembrane Space higher H+

concentration
1H+ 2H+ 3H+ H+ ATP
Synthas
e
Inner
Mitochondrial
E T C Membrane

O2 H O
2H+ + 1/2 ADP + P
ATP
NADH NAD+ 2 H+
+ H+

(Proton Pumping) lower H+

concentration
Matrix
49
 What occurs after glycolysis if
there is no O2 present? 88%
1. Kreb’s Cycle
2. ETC
3. Fermentation
4. Oxidative
phosphorylation 8% 4% 0%

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 What organisms undergo
alcoholic fermentation?
92%
1. Plants
2. Fungi
3. Both 1 & 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
8%
0% 0%

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51
 What product of alcoholic
fermentation gave it its name?
77%
1. ATP
2. CO2
3. Ethanol
4. Lactic Acid
12%
8%
4%

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52
 What organisms undergo
lactic acid fermentation? 100%
1. Plants
2. Fungi
3. Animals
4. None of the above
0% 0% 0%

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53
 Where does the Kreb’s Cycle
occur? 25% 25% 25% 25%
1. Mitochondrial
matrix
2. Chloroplast
3. Nucleus
4. Cytosol

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20
54
 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis for FADH2)
Intermembrane Space higher H+
concentration
1H+ 2H+ H+ ATP
Synthas
e
Inner
Mitochondrial
E T C Membrane

2H+ + ADP + P
FADH2 FAD+ H2O H+ ATP
+ H+ 1/2O2
(Proton Pumping)
lower H+
concentration
Matrix
55
TOTAL ATP YIELD
1. 04 ATP - substrate-level
phosphorylation
2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative
phosphorylation
38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD

ATP
56
Eukaryotes
(Have Membranes)
 Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
36 ATP - TOTAL

57
 Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular
Respiration (Eukaryotes)
Glucose
Cytosol
Mitochondria
Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA Krebs
Cycle
2 Pyruvate
2NADH 2 ATP
6NADH 2FADH2 (substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2NADH
ETC and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
2 ATP
(substrate-level
phosphorylation) 2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP

36 ATP (maximum per glucose) 58

Prokaryotes
(Lack Membranes)
 Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
38 ATP - TOTAL

59
Question:
 In addition to glucose, what other
various food molecules are use in
Cellular Respiration?

60
Catabolism of Various
Food Molecules
 Other organic molecules used for fuel.

1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides
2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids
3. Proteins: amino acids

61
 If O2 is present after
glycolysis this is made.
43%
1. ATP
2. Lactic Acid 29%

3. Acetyl CoA 19%

4. Pyruvate 10%

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62
 The Krebs cycle makes CO2,
FADH2 and: 75%

1. ATP and O2
2. ATP and NADH
3. NADH and O2
17%
4. Pyruvate and O2 8%
0%

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63
 What enzyme makes ATP in
the ETC
1. ETC synthase
2. ATP synthase
3. Enolase
4. Hexokinase

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 20
64
 Why do protons (H )
move
+

across the inner membrane

65%
1. Osmosis
2. Electron Flow
3. Diffusion
4. Active transport 19%
8% 8%

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65
 Each NADH yields _______ ATP
60%
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4 24%
16%

1 0%

4
66
 Each FADH2 yields ____ATP
1. 1 96%

2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

0% 0% 4%
1

4
67
 How many ATP are made in
cellular respiration? 85%

1. 4
2. 30
3. 38
4. 44
11%
4%
0%

30

38

44
4

68
 Which process produces more
ATP? 74%
1. Substrate level
phosphorylation
2. Oxidative 26%
phosphorylation

.. .
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70