The Need for security

Tracing back the origin and development of security, obviously it has been in existence since the primitive ages. This is men had
to protect himself against wild animals and the harsh environment. At first security needs were simple, but as civilization became
complex so did man’s security requirements.

Concept of Security
Security is a state or condition of being secured there is freedom from fear, harm, danger, loss, destruction or damages.

Three major areas of security:

1. Physical security- this concern with the physical measures adopted to prevent unauthorized access to equipment facilities ,
materials and document and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage, loss and theft.
2. Personal Security- this is as important as physical security. Personnel security stars even before the hiring of and employee
and remains to be maintained for as long as the person is employed.
3. Document and Information Security- this involves the protection of documents and classified papers from loss access by
unauthorized persons, damage, theft and compromise through disclosure classified documents need special handling.

Protective Security System

Protective security can be defined as those measures taken by and installation or unit to protect itself against sabotage,
espionage or observer.

1. Industrial security- a type of security applied to business groups engaged in industries like manufacturing, assembling,
research and development, processing and even in agriculture.
2. Hotel security- a type of security applied in hotels
3. Bank security – this type of security is concern with bank operations.
4. VIP security- a type of security applied for the protection of top-ranking officials of the government or private entity.
5. School security- a type of security that is concern with the protections of students and faculty.
6. Supermarket or mall security- a type of security which is concern with the protections of the stores, warehouses and storage.
7. Other types- this includes all other security matters that not covered in the above enumeration.
PHYSICAL SECURITY

Physical security measures are being used to define, protect and monitor properly rights and assets. These measures consist
of barriers and devices that would detect, impede and prevent unauthorized access to equipment facilities.

What is Barrier?
A barrier can be defined as any structure or physical device capable of restricting, deferring, delaying, illegal access to an
installation.

Generally, a barrier is use for the following purposes:

1. Define the physical limits of the area
2. Create a physical and physiological deterrent to unauthorized entry
3. Prevent penetration therein or delay intrusion, thus facilitating apprehension of intruders.
4. Assist in more efficient and economical employment of guards.
5. Facilitate and improve the control and vehicular traffic.

TYPES OF BARRIERS
1. Natural barriers- it includes bodies of water, mountains, marshes, ravines, deserts or other terrain that are difficult to traverse.
2. Structural barriers- these are constructed by man regardless of their original intent that tends to delay the intruder.
3. Human barrier- persons being used in providing a guarding system
4. Animal barriers- animals are used in partially providing a guarding system
5. Energy barriers- it is the employment of mechanical, electrical, electronic energy imposes a deterrent to entry by the potential
intruder.

THREE LINES OF PHYSICAL DEFENSE

1. First line of defense- perimeter fence/barriers
2. Second line of defense-doors, floors, windows, walls, roots and grills and other entries to the buildings,
3. Third line of defense- storage system like steel cabinets, safes, vaults and interior files.
PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL SECURITY
1. This type of access necessary will depend upon a number of variable factors and therefore may be achieved in a number of
ways.
2. There is no impenetrable barrier
3. Defend-in depth is barriers after barriers
4. Delay is provided against surreptitious and non-surreptitious entry.
5. Each installation is different.

What is restricted area?

A restricted area is any area in which personnel or vehicles are controlled for reasons of security.

Types of restricted areas

Exclusion area- an exclusion area is a restricted are which contains a security interest to TOP SECRET importance.
Limited area control- a limited area is a restricted area in which a lesser degree of control is required than in an exclusion area
but which the security interest would be compromised by uncontrollable movement.

Limited area control includes the following

a. Interior area control- interior area control is generally affected in two ways. The first method is the system which is initiated
and terminated at the outer limits of the area to determine the movement of a visitor within the area. A second movement
somewhat less means of accomplishing the same thing is time travel.
b. Visitor identification and movements control- processing and control of movements of visitor shalL be included in the PASS
SYSTEM.
c. Key control- A system of controlling the keys.
d. Fire prevention- fire is so potentially destructive without human assistance, with assistance it can be caused to devastate
those things you are attempting to secure.

WHAT IS PERIMETER SECURITY?

It is the protection of the installation’s inner and the immediate vicinity
Types of Fences
Solid Fences – constructed in such a way that visual access through the fence is denied. Its advantages is
that it denies the opportunity for the intruder to become familiar with the personnel, activities and the time
scheduled of the movements of the guards in the installation.

Full-view fence - it is constructed in such a way that visual access is permitted through the fence. Its
advantage is that it allows the roving patrols and stationary guard to keep the surrounding area of the
installation under observation.

Types of Full-View Fence

1. Chain Link fence
 It must be constructed of 7 feet material excluding top guard.
 It must be of 9 guages of heavier
 The mesh openings are not to be larger than 2 inches per side
 It should be twisted and barbed selvages at top and bottom
 It must be securely fastened to rigid metal or reinforces concrete
 It must reach within 2 inches of hard ground or paving.
 On soft ground, it must reach below surface deep enough to compensate for shifting soil and sand.

*
 2. Barbed wire fence
 Standard barbed wire is twisted, doubled- stand, 12- gauge wire with 4 point barbs spances in an equal distances apart.
 Barbed wire fencing should not be less than 7 feet high excluding top guard.
 Barbed wire fencing must be firmly affixed to posts not more than 6 feet apart

As a standard, the distances between strands must not exceed 6 inches at least one wire will be interlaced vertically and
midway between posts.

3. Concertina wire fence

 Standard concertina barbed wire is commercially manufactured wire coil of high strength steel barbed wire clipped
together at intervaks to form a cylinder.
 Opened concertina wire is 50 feet long and 3 feet in diameter

Perimeter Barrier Opening

Gates and Doors – when not is use controlled by guards, gates and doors in the perimeter should be locked and frequently
inspected by guards. Locks should be changed from time to time and should be covered under protective locks and key control.
Side- walk- elevators – these provides access to areas within the perimeter barrier and should be locked and guarded.
Utilities Opening – sewer, air intakes, exhaust tunnels and other utility openings which penetrates the barriers and which have
cross sectional areas of 96 square inchers or more should be protected by bars, grills, water filled traps or other structural means
providing equivalent protection to that portion of the perimeter barriers.
Clear Zone – an obstructed area or a “clear zone” should be maintained on both sides of the perimeter barrier and exterior
structures and natural covers that may provides concealment for assistance to a person seeking unauthorized entry.
Top Guard – Additional overhang of barbed wire placed on vertical perimeter fences upward and outward with 45 degree angle
with 3 to 4 strands of barbed wires spaced 6 inches apart. The increases the protective height and prevents easy access.

Guard Control Stations – this is normally provided at main perimeter entrances to secure areas located out- of – doors, and
manned by guards on full- time basis. Entry station should be near a perimeter for surveillance at the entrance.

Top Guard – this is a house like structure above the perimeter barriers. The higher the lower, the more visibility it provides. It
gives a psychological unswerving effect to violators. By and large guard lowers, whether permanent or temporary, must have a
corresponding support force in the event of need.

Barrier Maintenance –fencing barriers and protective walls should always be regularly inspected by security. Any sign or
attempts to break in should be reported for investigation.

Protection in Depth – in large open areas or ground where fencing or walling is impractical and expensive, warnings signs
should be conspicuously placed. The depth itself is protection reduction of access roads and sufficient notices to warn intruders
should be done.

Sign and notices – “Control signs” should be erected where necessary in the management of unauthorized ingress to preclude
accidental entry. Signs should be plainly visible and legible from any approach and in understood language or dialect.
What is Protective Lighting?

1. Continuous lightning – the most familiar type of outdoor security lightning, this is designed to provide two specific results :
glare projection or controlled lightning.
2. Giare projection type – it is being used in prisons and correctional institutions to illuminate walls and outside barriers.
3. Controlled lighting – it is generally employed where, due to surrounding property owners, nearby highways or other
limitations, it is necessary for the light to be more precisely focused.
4. Standby lighting – it is designed for reserve or standby use or to supplement continuous systems. A standby system can be
most useful to selectively light a particular area in an occasional basis.
5. Movable or Portable lighting – this system is manually operated and is usually made up of movable search or floodlights
that can be located in selected or special locations which will require lightning only for short period of time.
6. Emergency lightning - this system is used in times of power failure or other emergencies when other systems are inoperative.
General Types of Lighting Sources
General lighting sources that are mostly used in providing indoor or outdoor lighting.

1. Incandescent lamp – it is the least in terms of energy consumed and has the advantage of providing instant illumination when the
switch is on.
2. Mercury vapor lamp – it is considered more efficient that the incandescent and used widespread in exterior lighting. This emits
a purplish- white color, caused by an electric current passing through a tube of conducting and luminous gas.
3. Metal halide – it has similar physical appearance to mercury vapor but provides a light source of higher luminous efficiency and
better color rendition.
4. Fluorescent – this provides good color rendition, high lamp efficiency as well as long life.
5. High- pressure sodium vapor – this has gained acceptance for exterior lightning or parking areas, roadways, buildings and
commercial interior installations.

Types of Lighting Equipment

Three types of lighting equipment that are generally used associated with security lightning. These are :

1. Floodlights – these can be used to accommodate most outdoor security lightning needs, including the illumination of boundaries,
fences and buildings and for the emphasis of vital areas or particularly buildings.
2. Street lights – this lighting equipment received the most widespread notoriety for its vale in reducing crime.
3. Search lights – these are highly focused incandescent lamp and are designed to pinpoint potential trouble sports.
4. Fresnel lights – these are wide beam units, primary used to extend the illumination in long, horizontal strips to protect the
approaches to the perimeter barrier.

General Considerations in Protective lighting

In planning a protective lighting system, the owner of the installation or his security director must give specific
considerations to the following areas :

1. The determinatin of lighting need must be dependent upon the threat, perimeter extremities, surveillance capabilities
and available guard forces.
2. Protective lighting must be designed to discourage unauthorized entry and to facilitate detection of intruders
approaching or attempting to gain entry into protected areas.
3. The protective lighting must be continously operates during periods of reduced visibility and the standby lighting is
maintained and periodically tested for use during time of emergency and mobilization alerts.
4. Cleaning and replacement of lamps and luminaries, particularly with respect to cost and means requied and available.
5. The effects of local weather conditions may be a problem in case where fluorescent units are used.
6. Fluctuating or erratic voltages in the primary power sources.
7. Requirements for grounding of fixtures and the use of common ground on an entire line to provide a stable ground
potential.

Areas to be lighted :

1. Perimeter fence
2. Building face perimeter
3. Pedestrian and vehicle entrance
4. Parking area
5. Storage, large opened working areas, piers, docks, and other sensitive areas.

What are Protective Alarms?

Protective alarm is one of the important barriers in security. It assist the security in detecting, impeding or deterring
potential security threat in the installation.

On the other hand, the use of communication equipment in the installation helps security in uprading its operational
efficiency and effectiveness.
THREE BASIC PARTS OF ALARM SYSTEM

1. Sensor or trigger device- it emiths the aural or visual signals or both

2. transmission line- a circuit which transmit the message to the signaling apparatus
3. Enunicator-it is the signaling system that activates the alarm

TYPES OF PROTECTIVE ALARM SYSTEM

1.central Station System- a type of alarm where the control station is located outside the plant or installation.
2.Propriety System- centralized monitor of the propriety alarm system is located in the industrial firm itself with a duty operation.
3.Local alarm- this system consist of ringing up a visual or audible alarm near the object to be protected.
4.Auxiliary Alarm- company owned alarm system with a unit in the nearest police station so that in case of need ,direct call is
possible.

KINDS OF ALARM

1.Audio Detection Device- it will detect any sound cause by attempted force entry.
2.Vibration Detection Device- it will detect any vibration caused by attempted force entry.
3.Metallic Foil and Wire- it will detect any action that moves the foil or wire .
4.Laser Beam Alarm- a laser emmiter floods a wall or fencing with a beam so a alarm is activated.
5.Photoelectric Eye Device- an invisible/visible beam is emitted when an intruder breaks contact with the beam , it will activated
the alarm .

UTILIZATION OF ALARM DEVICES

-The selection of proper alarm system is not a simple matter, because the needs of each installation are different, like a set of
fingerprint.
-Nature of the area or installation
-Criticality of the area or complex
-Vulnerability of the area or complex
-Accessibility
- Location of installation and areas to be protected
- Constructions and types of buildings
- Hours of normal operations
- Availability of other types of protection
- Initial and recurring cost of installed alarm system
- Design and salvage value of desired equipment
- Response time of the security force and local police
- Savings in manpower and money for a period of time if alarm is used

DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTIC OF ALARM SYSTEM

1. Detection unit should initiate the alarm upon instruction of a human being in the area or vicinity to the protected area or
object.
2. Panel board central enunciator operating console-monitoring activities should be manned at all times.
3. an enunciator console indicating the audible and aural signal and the specific location of incident so that proper action can
be made by security and other units.
4. fail-safe features which give alarm in the enunciator when something is wrong with the system.
5. system should be difficult to tamper or render ineffective by outsiders, competitors or saboteurs

SUMMING UP PROTECTIVE ALARM DEVICES

1.Alarm devices are physical safeguards used to assist security but not a replacement in the protection of assests and lives in the
installation.
2. It assists the guard to extend their hearing and vision even in areas where they are not physically present.
3.The alarm system whether a local ,a central ,or an auxiliary type are to inform the guard either visually or aurally of an attempt or
a break in within the premises being protected.
4.Maintenance of alarm system must be regulary made ,the signal line must be protected and there must be alternate source of
power.
5.New and improve instruction hard wires are being developed and placed in the market but again computerization abd the arrival
of super sophisticated devices in security alarm system.
What is Communication System
It refers to the regular communications facility of a plant adequate for protective security purposes.

Equipment Used in Communications

the following are some means if communication that can be a useful part of the protective system:
1.Local telephone exchange
2.Commercial telephone service
3.Inter communication
4.Two-way radios
5.Paging and recall systems
6.Bullhorns or megaphone
7.Amplifier or loudspeaker system
8.Cellular or mobile phones

WHAT ARE PROTECTIVE LOCK AND KEY CONTROL

Lock is one of the most widely used physical security devices in the asset protection program of an installation.
What is Lock?
A lock is defined as a mechanical , electrical, hydraulic or electronic device design to prevent entry into a building, room, container or
hiding place.
TYPES OF LOCKS
1.Key-operated Mechanical Lock- it uses sort of arrangement of internal physical barriers which prevent the lock from operating unless
they are properly aligned.
three(3)Types of Key- operated Lock
 Disk or wafer tumbler mechanism
 Pin tumbler mechanism
 Lever tumbler mechanism
2. Padlock – a portable and detachable lock having a sliding hasp which passes a staple made fasten or secured.
3.Combination lock- instead of using the key to align the timblers the combination mechanism uses numbers,letters or other symbols to
align manually.
4.Code-operated Lock- a type of lock that can be opened by pressing a series of numbered button in the proper sequence.
5.Electrical lock- a type of lock that can be opened and closed remotely by electrical means.
6.Card-operated lock- a type of lock operated by a coded card.
TYPES OF KEYS

1.Change key- a specific key ,which operates the lock and has a particular combination of cuts which match the arrangement of the
tumblers in the lock.
2.Sub-master key – a key that will open all the lock within a particular area or grouping in given facility .
3.Master key- a special key capable of opening a series of lock.
4.Grand Master Key- a key that will open everything in a system involving two or more master key groups.

KEY CONTROL
Once an effective key control has been installed ,positive control of all keys must be gained and maintained.

1.Key cabinet – a well-constructed cabinet will have to be procured. The cabinet will have to be of sufficient size to hold the original
key to every lock in the system. It should be secured at all times.
2.Key record – some administrative mean ms be set up to record code numbers and indicated to whom keys to specific looks locks
have been issued.
3.Inventories – periodic inventories will have to be made of all duplicate and original keys in the hands of the employees whom they
have been issued.
4.Audits – in additional to periodic inventories, an unannounced audit should be made of all key control records and procedures by a
member of management.
5.Daily report – a daily report should be made to the person responsible for key control from the personnel department indicating all
person who have left or will be leaving the company.

WHAT IS A SECURITY CABINET?

The final of defense at any facility is in the high security storage where papers, records,plans or cashabe instrument ,precious metals
or oter especially valuable assests are protected.
Three(3)Types of Security Cabinet
1.Safe – a metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or small items in a office or installation.
Its weight must be at least 750 lbs.and should be anchored to a buliding structure.
Its body should at least one inch thick steel.
2. Vaultheavily constructed fire and burglar resisitance container usually a part of the building structure used to keep and protect
cash ,documents and negotiable instrument.