FORCE (FLEXIBILITY)

METHOD
- CONSISTENT DEFORMATION METHOD & 3 MOMENT EQUATION
- BY SALINAH DULLAH
 INTRODUCTIONS

• A general formulation of force (flexibility) method called

the method of consistent deformations for the analysis of
statically indeterminate structures.
• Introduced by James C. Maxwell in 1864. essentially
involves removing enough restraints from indeterminate
structure to render it statically determinate.
• This determinate structure, which must be statically
stable, is referred to as the primary structure. The excess
restraints removed from the given indeterminate
structure to convert it into the determinate primary
structure are called redundant restraints and the
reactions or internal forces associated with these
restraints are termed redundant.
 INTRODUCTION

• For determinate structures, the force method allows

us to find internal forces (using equilibrium i.e. based
on Statics) irrespective of the material information.
Material (stress-strain) relationships are needed only
to calculate deflections.
• However, for indeterminate structures , Statics
(equilibrium) alone is not sufficient to conduct
structural analysis. Compatibility and material
information are essential.
 INTRODUCTION

Indeterminate Structures
• Number of unknown Reactions or Internal forces >
Number of equilibrium equations
• Note: Most structures in the real world are statically
indeterminate.

Advantages
•Smaller deflections
•Larger safety factor
•Greater rigidity
•Less material => Less Cost
Disadvantages
•Complex connections
•Initial / Residual / Settlement Stresses
 INTRODUCTION

• When comparing statically indeterminate structures

with statically determinate structures, the first
consideration for most engineers is likely the cost.
• However, making a general economic statement
favoring one type of the structure over another is
impossible without reservation.
• Each structure present a different and unique
situation, and all factor must be considered-
economic or otherwise.
• In general, statically indeterminate structures have
the following advantages as mentioned in the
previous slides.
 FORCE METHOD

Methods of Analysis
Structural Analysis requires that the equations
governing the following physical relationships be
satisfied
(i) Equilibrium of forces and moments
(ii) Compatibility of deformation among members
and at supports
(iii) Material behavior relating stresses with strains
(iv) Strain-displacement relations
(v) Boundary Conditions
 FORCE METHOD

Primarily two types of methods of analysis:

Force (Flexibility) Method
•Convert the indeterminate structure
to a determinate one by removing
some unknown forces / support
reactions and replacing them with
(assumed) known / unit forces.
•Using superposition, calculate the
force that would be required to
achieve compatibility with the original
structure.
•Unknowns to be solved for are usually
redundant forces
•Coefficients of the unknowns in
equations to be solved are "flexibility"
coefficients.
Displacement (Stiffness) Method
• Express local (member) force-
displacement relationships in terms of
unknown member displacements.
• Using equilibrium of assembled
members, find unknown
displacements.
• Unknowns are usually displacements
Coefficients of the unknowns are
"Stiffness" coefficients.
 METHOD OF CONSISTENT
DEFORMATION

• Method of consistent deformation is very useful for

solving problems involving statically indeterminate
frames for single story and unusual geometry.

• Problems involving multistory frames, or with high

indeterminacy are best solved using the slope
deflection or moment distribution or the stiffness
methods
 METHOD OF CONSISTENT
DEFORMATION
• The method of consistent deformations, or
sometimes referred to as the force or flexibility
method, is one of the several techniques available
to analyze indeterminate structures. The following is
the procedure that describes the concept of this
method for analyzing externally indeterminate
structures with single or double degrees of
indeterminacy.
 METHOD OF CONSISTENT
DEFORMATION
• Determine the structure is indeterminate structure
• determine the degree of indeterminacy
• select redundants
• remove restraints at the redundants
• sketch deflected shape
• calculate deformations at redundants
• write consistent deformation equations
• solve deformation equations
• determine support reactions
• draw resultant structural diagrams
 EXAMPLE 1

Determine the
support reactions
on the frame
shown.
EI is constant
 QUESTION

Using Consistent 11

Deformation
Method and
Virtual Work
method, 6m
5m
determine
support reactions
on the frame
shown.
EI is constant
 SOLUTION

• Once it is determine
That the structure is
indeterminate
structure
• the frame is
indeterminate
to the first degree
(based on calculation)
 SOLUTION

• We will choose the

horizontal reaction at
support B as the
redundant.
• The pin at B is
replaced by the roller,
since a roller will not
constraint B in the
horizontal direction.
SOLUTION
 SOLUTION

• Compatibility Equation

“next slides”
 EXAMPLE 2 (BEAM)

Support B
settles by 1.5 in.
Find the
reactions
of the beam.
 Solution

-Determine the structure

is indeterminate structure
-determine the degree of indeterminacy
-select redundants
-remove restraints at the redundants
-sketch deflected shape
-calculate deformations at redundants
-write consistent deformation equations
-solve deformation equations
-determine support reactions
-draw resultant structural diagrams
 y

Refer table beam deflections & slopes

y (x)
Solution
 TRUSSES

• The degree of indeterminacy of a truss can be find

using Equation b+r > 2j.
where b = unknown bar forces, r = support
reactions, 2j = equations of equilibrium
• This method is quite suitable for analyzing trusses
that are statically indeterminate to the first or
second degree.
 EXAMPLE 3

Determine the force

in member AC of the
truss shown. AE is same
for all members.
 INDETERMINATE FRAME

• For Frame

r> 3n
3m + r > 3j + ec