INCREASING NUMBER OF

ABSENTEES
• What happened?
• DAY 1
• DAY 2
• DAY 3

• Why did it happen?

• Who were the person/s involved? What
are their contributions?
• What supporting documents will prove
your answer on questions 1, 2 and 3?
• Are the answers and documents you
presented reliable?
 HISTORICAL RESEARCH
PRESENTED BY: ROMMEL S. PEÑARANDA
 HISTORICAL RESEARCH

• Present historical investigations primarily

aim for critical search for truth. This find
out significant events as regards to
causes, effects and narratives of the past.

FACT FINDING RESEARCH

 METHODS OF HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
• 1. Identify the problem
2. Formulate hypothesis.
3. Gather your source material.
4. Criticize your source of material.
5. Conclusion/Generalization and
Recommendation.
1. Formulating your problem/identify the problem

Several Motivations:
• Doubt about some event, development, or
experience in the past;
• A question regarding an old interpretation of an
existing data ; you may want to evolve with a new
hypothesis which will offer a more explanation of
some past events
• 2. Formulate your hypothesis – this may serve also
as a guide / key where to start your research.
 3. Data Gathering
• A. Find, check, interview Historical sources.
B. Places where the sources are located
C. Systematic note-taking
a. Classification of historical sources:
1. Primary Source / Secondary Source:

Primary Source- regarded as “best evidence”

This is because the data comes from the
testimony of able eye and ear witnesses to
past events.
These also includes material related to the
topic or problem.

Secondary Source – are information supplied

by a person who was not a direct observer or
participant of the event, object, or condition.
a. Classification of historical sources:
2. Deliberate/Inadvertent:

Deliberate Source: provide data

which have been recorded with the
conscious effort to preserve information
(Fox, 1969). Example: Diaries, Epitaphs
on tombstones. Notes of the person
involved
Inadvertent Source: supply
information though it was not the original
intention of the source. Example: metal
bracelet.
4. Analyze your data.
Criticizing your source of material:
EXTERNAL VS INTERNAL CRITICISM
a. External Criticism- involves finding out if the
source material is genuine and if it possesses
textual integrity (Gay, et al., 1972)
These includes questions like:
- Who made or produced the document?
- When and where was it produced?
- Is this material just a copy or is it an original
work of the credited author?
- Where were the contents of the documents
derived?
 a. Internal Criticism-
1. Literal versus the real meaning of
the author’s statement
2. Competence of the author or
observer
3. Testing for truthfulness and
honesty
5. Draw conclusions, generalizations
and recommendations
 FORMAT
• IDENTIFYTHE PROBLEM
• FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS
• GATHER DATA
• ANALYZE AND CRITICIZE DATA
GATHERED
• WRITE / DRAW
CONCLUSION,GENERALIZATION
• AND RECOMMENDATION
Strengths and Limitations of Historical
Research:
- It can only give a fractional view of the past.
- It depends on valuable materials which are
difficult to preserve
- Causes of past events are also difficult to
determine
- Its contribution is to seek truth about events
and people.
- -this may be a strong gauge / basis for the
plan of action regarding a certain problem.