What Is All This Concatenation Stuff Anyway?: Huub Van Helvoort

T1X1.5 presentation T1X1.
5/2002-096
What is all this Concatenation

stuff anyway?
”Bandwidth efficiency"
Huub van Helvoort

Member of Technical Staff
Lucent Technologies
email: hhelvoort@lucent.com
Concatenation Tutorial © Lucent Technologies 2002

Contents
 Bandwidth growth
 Rate Comparison
 Virtual Concatenation
 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)
 Application
 Standards
© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
2
2
 Rate Comparison
 Application
 Standards
3
3
SDH mapping scheme
InitialMultiplexing
More
Contiguous
mapping
Concatenation
x1 x1
STM-256 AUG-256 AU-4-256c VC-4-256c C-4-256c
x4
x1 x1
STM-64 AUG-64 AU-4-64c VC-4-64c C-4-64c
x4
x1 x1
STM-16 AUG-16 AU-4-16c VC-4-16c C-4-16c
x4
x1 x1
STM-4 AUG-4 AU-4-4c VC-4-4c C-4-4c
x4
x1
x1
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4
x1
x3 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
x1 x7
C-3
STM-0 AU-3 VC-3
x7
x1
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2
pointer processing x3
multiplexing TU-12 VC-12 C-12

x4
aligning
TU-11 VC-11 C-11
mapping
4
4
SDH mapping scheme
Contiguous Concatenation (i.e.VC-4-Xc)
• provides a payload area of X Container-4, see figure
• has one common set of POH, in the first column, used for the whole
VC-4-Xc (e.g. BIP-8 covers all 261 * X columns of a VC-4-Xc)
• columns #2 to #X are fixed stuff
VC-4-Xc
1 J1
B3
C2
G1
fixed
F2 C-4-Xc
stuff
H4
F3
K3
9 N1
125 s
1
X-1 X * 260
X * 261
5
5
SDH mapping scheme
Contiguous Concatenation
• a VC-4-Xc is transported in X contiguous AU-4 in the STM-N signal
• the first column of the VC-4-Xc is always located in the first AU-4
• the pointer of this first AU-4 indicates the position of the J1 byte of
the VC-4-Xc. The pointers of AU-4 #2 to #X are set to the
concatenation indication to indicate a contiguously concatenated
payload
• pointer justification is performed in common for the X concatenated

AU-4s and X * 3 stuffing bytes are used.
6
6
 Rate Comparison
 Application
 Standards
7
7
Rate Comparison
SDH container size/bit-rates vs. Data bit-rates
SDH - TDM Data

C-11 1.600 Mbit/s 10 Mbit/s Ethernet
C-12 2.176 Mbit/s 25 Mbit/s ATM
C-2 6.784 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s Fast Ethernet
C-3 49.536 Mbit/s 200 Mbit/s ESCON
C-4 149.760 Mbit/s 400 Mbit/s
Fibre Channel
C-4-4c 599.040 Mbit/s 800 Mbit/s
C-4-16c 2.396 160 Mbit/s 1 Gbit/s Gigabit Ethernet
C-4-64c 9.584 640 Mbit/s 10 Gbit/s 10 Gb Ethernet
C-4-256c 38.338 560 Mbit/s
8
8
Rate Comparison
Transport efficiencies
Data SDH Efficiency
Ethernet 10 Mbit/s C-3 20%
ATM 25 Mbit/s C-3 50%
Fast Ethernet 100 Mbit/s C-4 67%
ESCON 200 Mbit/s C-4-4c 33%
400 Mbit/s C-4-4c 67%
Fibre Channel
800 Mbit/s C-4-16c 33%
Gigabit Ethernet 1 Gbit/s C-4-16c 42%
10 Gb Ethernet 10 Gbit/s C-4-64c 100%
the solution:
Virtual Concatenation
9
9
 Rate Comparison
 Application
 Standards
10
10
Why:
• to transport contiguous concatenated signals in a network with

NEs that do not support VC-n-Xc
• to provide a better bandwidth granularity to transport the new

services with non-SDH bit rates
Prerequisites:
• no requirements on existing NEs that transit VC-ns part of a

Virtual Concatenation Group (VCG or VC-n-Xv)
• no strict routing constraints for operators by compensating the

differential delay caused by difference in optical path length
11
11
Mapping of C-n-Xc into X * VC-n: a VC-n-Xv
1 X X*m
1
C-n-Xc
125 s
9
1 m+1
1
1 m+1
1
overhead
VC-n-Xv
overhead
VC-n#X
9 125 s
VC-n#1
9 125 s
12
12
VC-n-Xc transport through a VC-n only network
X * VC-n = VC-n-Xv
1 C-n
2 C-n
C-n-Xc C-n-Xc/C-n-Xv C-n-Xv/C-n-Xc C-n-Xc
X C-n
13
13
Differential delay is caused by:

• geographically large ring with VC-ns from the same VC-n-Xv
routed around the ring in different directions, delay is mainly due
to fiber propagation (~5 s/km)
Ring
End-to-end traffic
is VC-n-Xv
Y VC-ns
(Y<X) (X-Y) VC-ns
14
14
• networks with diversely routed path protected VC-ns, delay is

mainly due to fiber propagation (~5 s/km)
Y VC-ns (X-Y) VC-ns

on working path on Protection path
Working path
Protection
path
Transport
network
End to end traffic: VC-n-Xv

15
15
Provides additional transport sizes:
container X in steps of up to
C-11-Xc 1 - 63 1.6 Mbit/s 100.8 Mbit/s
C-12-Xc 1 - 63 2.0 Mbit/s 137.1 Mbit/s
C-3-Xc 1 - 256 49 Mbit/s 12.7 Gbit/s
C-4-Xc 1 - 256 150 Mbit/s 38.3 Gbit/s
16
16
Transport efficiencies
Data SDH Efficiency

Ethernet 10 Mbit/s C-12-5c 92%
ATM 25 Mbit/s C-12-12c 98%
C-12-46c 100%
Fast Ethernet 100 Mbit/s
C-3-2c 100%
ESCON 200 Mbit/s C-3-4c 100%
400 Mbit/s C-3-8c 100%
Fibre Channel
800 Mbit/s C-4-6c 89%
Gigabit Ethernet 1 Gbit/s C-4-7c 95%
10 Gb Ethernet 10 Gbit/s C-4-64c 100%
17
17
Operation:
• distribute the payload to be transported bytewise over the members
in the VCG
• provide byte alignment required for re-alignment after diverse

routing delay compensation
• use the alignment indicator of each member to determine the

experienced differential delay
18
18
Virtual Concatenation overhead:
from source (So) to sink (Sk):
• Multi Frame Indicator (MFI)

the MFI is used to determine at the Sk the differential delay
and re-align the received data to reconstruct the original
• Sequence Indicator (SQ)

at the So each VC-n in the VCG is assigned an unique identifier
to be used at the Sk for reconstruction of the original signal
19
19
Higher order overhead VC-4/3 POH H4
st nd
H4 Byte 1 multi- 2 multi-
frame frame
Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8 number number
st
1 multiframe indicator MFI1 (bits 1-4)
Sequence indicator LSB ( bits 5-8) 1 1 1 1 15 n-1

nd
2 multiframe indicator MFI2 MSB ( bits 1-4) 0 0 0 0 0
nd
2 multiframe indicator MFI2 LSB ( bits 5-8) 0 0 0 1 1
Reserved ("0000") 0 0 1 0 2
Reserved ("0000") 0 0 1 1 3
Reserved ("0000") 0 1 0 0 4
Reserved ("0000") 0 1 0 1 5
Reserved ("0000") 0 1 1 0 6
Reserved ("0000") 0 1 1 1 7
n
Reserved ("0000") 1 0 0 0 8
Reserved ("0000") 1 0 0 1 9
Reserved ("0000") 1 0 1 0 10
Reserved ("0000") 1 0 1 1 11
Reserved ("0000") 1 1 0 0 12
Reserved ("0000") 1 1 0 1 13
Sequence indicator SQ MSB ( bits 1-4) 1 1 1 0 14
Sequence indicator SQ LSB ( bits 5-8) 1 1 1 1 15
nd
2 multiframe indicator MFI2 MSB ( bits 1-4) 0 0 0 0 0 n+1
20
20
Lower order overhead
B
itn
umb
er:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0 1
B
IP-2 R
EIR
FI S
ign
alL
abl R
e DI
V
C -2
/VC-1P
O HV5
Bit number:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
MFAS Extended Signal Label 0 R R R R R R R R R R R R
MFAS Multiframe alignment bits

0 Zero
R Reserved bit 1st stage: Frame Aligment in K4 bit 1
Bit number:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Frame Indicator Sequence Indicator R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
R Reserved bit
2nd stage: Virtual Concatenation control in K4 bit 2
21
21
Benefits:
• not restricted to the situation in which all the individual VC-ns are
contained within a single Multiplex Section
• operators get the ability to implement channels that are more

appropriate for the new router based applications by providing
bandwidth granularity, right sized capacity, efficient mapping,
traffic scalability and channelized high capacity SDH interfaces
• can use protection schemes inherited from SDH per VC-n
• is transparent to intermediate network Elements, therefore it can

be cost effectively deployed into an existing network without the
need to upgrade all NEs
22
22
Points for improvement:
• if one of the VC-n of a virtual concatenation group VC-n-Xv

fails, the whole VCG fails
• data transport can have a variable requirement for bandwidth

regarding the time of the day, or the day of the week
the solution:
LCAS
23
23
 Rate Comparison
 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

(LCAS)
 Application
 Standards
24
24
LCAS
Features:
• located in the virtual concatenation source and sink adaptation
functions only
• provides a control mechanism to hitless increase or decrease the
capacity of a VCG link to meet the bandwidth needs of the application
• provides the capability of temporarily removing member links that
have experienced a failure
Prerequisites:
• LCAS assumes that in cases of capacity initiation, increase or

decrease, the construction or destruction of the end-to-end path of
each individual member is the responsibility of the Network and
Element Management Systems.
25
25
LCAS
Operation:
• use virtual concatenation operation for differential delay
compensation and de/re-construction of payload
• synchronization of changes in the capacity of the transmitter (So)

and the receiver (Sk) shall be achieved by a control packet
• each control packet describes the state of the link during the next
control packet
• changes are sent in advance, so that the receiver can switch to the
new configuration as soon as it arrives.
26
26
LCAS
Control packet content, LCAS overhead:
In the forward direction, So to Sk:
• Multi Frame Indicator (MFI)
• Sequence Indicator (SQ)
• Control (CTRL): IDLE - ADD - NORM - EOS - DNU - FIXED
• Group Identification (GID)
In the return direction, Sk to So:

• Member Status (MST)
• Re-Sequence Acknowledge (RS-Ack)
Note: MST and RS-Ack are identical in the control word of ALL members
of the same VCG
For both directions:

• Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) over the control packet
27
27
LCAS
Control packet content
MFI_z
information of member_n in VCG_a SQ_p
CTRL_p VCG_z
MST_a(n) GID_z member_p
RS-Ack_a CRC_y
MFI_a MST_z(p)
VCG_a SQ_n RS-Ack_z
member_n CTRL_n
GID_a
CRC_x
information sent in control packet x of member_n in VCG_a
28
28
LCAS
State diagram of member(i)
in the Virtual Concatenated
So side group.
START
IDLE
process FIDLE MADD RFAIL ROK
ASSIGN
SEQ# > EOS
see note 1
FADD
ADD
NORM
RFAIL ROK MREMOVE

CEOS CNORM ROK RFAIL MREMOVE
see note 2 RENUMBER
SEQ# > EOS
FEOS FNORM
FEOS
Y N
LA ST? send to CNORM
member(i-1)
send to
CEOS
member(i-1)
Y N
FDNU LAST?
RENUMBER see note 3
SEQUENCE
DNU send to
CEOS member(i-1)
CEOS CNORM RFAIL ROK MREMOVE FIDLE
CEOS CNORM
Y N REMOVE
send to LAST?
member(i-1)
FEOS FNORM
ROK RFAIL
send to
CNORM member(i-1)
FIDLE
29
29
LCAS
Sk side
process OK
TSF FIDLE MREMOVE TSF FDNU FNORM FADD FEOS
ROK
RFAIL
FAIL
START
TSF TSF MREMOVE
If the sink detects a change in the

RFAIL sequence numbers or the size of
Y FIDLE?
the VCG the RRS_ACK bit is inverted.
N IDLE
ROK
MADD
30
30
LCAS
Higher order overhead
st nd
H4 byte 1 multi- 2
Bit1 Bit 2 Bit3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8 frame multi-
st
1 multiframe indicator MFI1 no. frame
MS nibble LS nibble (bits 1-4) no.
CRC-8 0 1 1 1 7
Member status MST 1 0 0 0 8
0 0 0 RS-Ack 1 0 1 0 10
Reserved (“0000”) 1 0 1 1 11 n
Reserved (“0000”) 1 1 0 0 12
Reserved (“0000”) 1 1 0 1 13
Sequence indicator SQ MSBs (bits 1-4) 1 1 1 0 14
Sequence indicator SQ LSBs (bits 5-8) 1 1 1 1 15
2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 MSBs (bits 1-4) 0 0 0 0 0
2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 LSBs (bits 5-8) 0 0 0 1 1
CTRL 0 0 1 0 2
0 0 0 GID 0 0 1 1 3
Reserved (“0000”) 0 1 0 0 4 n+1
Reserved (“0000”) 0 1 0 1 5
CRC-8 0 1 1 0 6
CRC-8 0 1 1 1 7
31
31
LCAS
B
Lower order overhead
itn
umb
er:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0 1
B
IP-2 R
EIR
FI S
ign
alLa
bel R
DI
V
C -2
/VC-1P
O HV5
Bit number:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
MFAS Extended Signal Label 0 R R R R R R R R R R R R
MFAS Multiframe alignment bits

0 Zero
R Reserved bit
1st stage: Frame Aligment in K4 bit 1
Bit number:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
G A
Frame count Sequence indicator CTRL I R R R R c Member Status CRC-3
D k
R Reserved bit
2nd stage: Virtual Concatenation + LCAS control in K4 bit 2
32
32
LCAS Add two new members to the VCG
NMS memn-1 memn memn+1

So Sk Sk Sk
ADD (EOS SQ=4) OK IDLE IDLE
FAIL FAIL
ADD SQ=5 ADD SQ=6
OK
MST=OK
NORM SQ=4 ADD SQ=6 EOS SQ=5
RS-Ack
OK
MST=OK
EOS SQ=6 NORM SQ=5
RS-Ack
33
33
LCAS Remove one (last) member from the VCG

So Sk Sk Sk
REMOVE (NORM SQ=3) OK (EOS SQ=4) OK IDLE
EOS SQ=3 IDLE SQ>3 FAIL
RS-Ack
MST=FAIL
REMOVE
IDLE
34
34
LCAS Remove two members (not last) from the VCG

So Sk Sk Sk
REMOVE (NORM SQ=3) OK (NORM SQ=4) OK (EOS SQ=5) OK
IDLE SQ>3 IDLE SQ>3 FAIL EOS SQ=3

FAIL
MST=FAIL
MST=FAIL
RS-Ack
REMOVE
IDLE IDLE
35
35
LCAS Network failure: temporarily remove a (not last) member from the VCG
So Sk Sk Sk
(NORM SQ=3) OK NORM SQ=4 OK (EOS SQ=5) OK
FAIL
MST=FAIL traffic hit
FAILED DNU SQ=4
decreased
capacity
OK
MST=OK
CLEAR NORM SQ=4
36
36
LCAS Network failure: temporarily remove last member from the VCG

So Sk Sk Sk
(NORM SQ=3) OK EOS SQ=4 OK IDLE
FAIL
MST=FAIL traffic hit
FAILED EOS SQ=3 DNU SQ=4
decreased
capacity
OK
MST=OK
CLEAR NORM SQ=3 EOS SQ=4
37
37
 Rate Comparison
 Application
 Standards
38
38
Mapping Data
 most Data transport is packet based
 SDH, SONET and OTN provide fixed rate channels, with virtual
concatenation and LCAS to provide the best match
 to map the different types of Data into a fixed rate channel a

new mechanism is defined:
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)
i.e. ITU-T recommendation G.7041/Y.1303
GFP is a generic mechanism to carry any packet signal (Ethernet, Fiber

channel, ESCON) over fixed rate channels VC-n, VC-n-Xc, VC-n-Xv and
LCAS providing flexible adjustment of a VC-n-Xv channel
39
39
Generic Framing Procedure
Ethernet IP/PPP Fibre FICON ESCON other client

Channel signals
GFP - Client Specific Aspects
(payload dependent)
GFP - Common Aspects

(payload independent)
SDH/SONET path other CBR path OTN path
40
40
Generic Framing Procedure
PLI
PLI
cHEC
Frame Mapped:
cHEC Client frames are mapped into GFP
payload header frames.
GFP payload
Transparent (8B/10B) Mapped:
4 - 65535 Client Individual characters of the client
PDU signal are mapped into fixed-length
GFP frames.
(FCS)
When no frames/characters are
GFP Frame
received, idle frames are inserted.
00
00
PLI: PDU Length Indicator
cHEC PDU: Protocol Data Unit
cHEC cHEC: core - Header Error Control
FCS: Frame Check Sequence (optional)
Idle Frame
41
41
 Rate Comparison
 Application
 Standards
42
42
Standards
ITU-T
 Concatenation G.707 (10/2000)
corr 1, corr 2*, add 1*
 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) G.7042/Y.1305 (11/2001)*
 Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) G.7041/Y.1303 (11/2001)*
 Equipment G.783 (02/2001)*
 Equipment G.709 (02/2001)
 Equipment Management Function G.798 (11/2001)
43
43
Standards
ANSI
 Concatenation, contiguous, virtual T1.105*

+ LCAS (equipment Specific)
 generic LCAS, refers to ITU G.7042*
 generic GFP, refers to ITU G.7041*
ETSI
 Concatenation, contiguous, virtual EN 300 417-9-1
44
44
THANK YOU

What Is All This Concatenation Stuff Anyway?: Huub Van Helvoort

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T1X1.5 presentation T1X1.

What is all this Concatenation

Huub van Helvoort

Concatenation Tutorial © Lucent Technologies 2002

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

multiplexing TU-12 VC-12 C-12

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

• pointer justification is performed in common for the X concatenated

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

SDH - TDM Data

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

• to transport contiguous concatenated signals in a network with

• to provide a better bandwidth granularity to transport the new

• no requirements on existing NEs that transit VC-ns part of a

• no strict routing constraints for operators by compensating the

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

C-n-Xc C-n-Xc/C-n-Xv C-n-Xv/C-n-Xc C-n-Xc

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

Differential delay is caused by:

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

• networks with diversely routed path protected VC-ns, delay is

Y VC-ns (X-Y) VC-ns

End to end traffic: VC-n-Xv

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

Data SDH Efficiency

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

• provide byte alignment required for re-alignment after diverse

• use the alignment indicator of each member to determine the

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

• Multi Frame Indicator (MFI)

• Sequence Indicator (SQ)

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

Sequence indicator LSB ( bits 5-8) 1 1 1 1 15 n-1

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

MFAS Extended Signal Label 0 R R R R R R R R R R R R

MFAS Multiframe alignment bits

Frame Indicator Sequence Indicator R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

• operators get the ability to implement channels that are more

• can use protection schemes inherited from SDH per VC-n

• is transparent to intermediate network Elements, therefore it can

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

• if one of the VC-n of a virtual concatenation group VC-n-Xv

• data transport can have a variable requirement for bandwidth

 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

• LCAS assumes that in cases of capacity initiation, increase or

• synchronization of changes in the capacity of the transmitter (So)

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

In the return direction, Sk to So:

For both directions:

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

information sent in control packet x of member_n in VCG_a

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

process FIDLE MADD RFAIL ROK

RFAIL ROK MREMOVE

CEOS CNORM RFAIL ROK MREMOVE FIDLE

© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial

TSF FIDLE MREMOVE TSF FDNU FNORM FADD FEOS