Basic Electrical Engineering

&
Circuit Theory Laws
By: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas

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 Electricity – The Basics
An understanding of the basics of electricity
requires the understanding of three fundamental
concepts.

•Voltage
•Current
•Resistance
A direct mathematical relationship exists between
voltage, resistance, and current in all electrical and
electronic circuits. 2
 Voltage
Voltage – Voltage is the electrical force that
causes current to flow in a circuit. It is
measured in VOLTS.

Alessandro Volta
1745-1827
3
Italian Physicist
 Current
Current – Current is the flow of electrical
charge through an electronic circuit. The
direction of a current is opposite to the
direction of electron flow. Current is
measured in AMPERES (AMPS).

George Simon Ohm

Andre Ampere 1787-1854
1775-1836 German
French Physicist Mathematician
Resistance

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 First, An Analogy
The flow of water from one tank to another is a good analogy for
an electrical circuit and the mathematical relationship between
voltage, resistance, and current.
Force: The difference in the water levels ≡ Voltage

Flow: The flow of the water between the tanks ≡ Current

Opposition: The valve that limits the amount of water ≡ Resistance

Force
Flow

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Opposition
Circular mil

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Resistivity & Temperature

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Effects of Temperature on Resistance

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Effects of Temperature on Resistance

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Electron Theory of Electricity

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Electron Theory of Electricity

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Electron Theory of Electricity

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 Anatomy of a Flashlight

Switch Switch
Light Light
Bulb Bulb

Battery - +
Battery

Block Diagram Schematic Diagram

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 Flashlight Schematic

Current

Resistance

- + - +
Voltage

• Closed circuit (switch closed) • Open circuit (switch open)

• Current flow • No current flow
• Lamp is on • Lamp is off
• Lamp is resistance, uses • Lamp is resistance, but is not
energy to produce light (and using any energy
heat)
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 Current Flow
• Conventional Current assumes
that current flows out of the
Conventional
positive side of the battery,
Current
through the circuit, and back to
the negative side of the battery.
This was the convention
established when electricity was
first discovered, but it is incorrect!
• Electron Flow is what actually
happens. The electrons flow out
of the negative side of the battery,
through the circuit, and back to Electron
Flow
the positive side of the battery.
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 Engineering vs. Science
• The direction that the current flows does not affect what the
current is doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which
convention is used as long as you are consistent.
• Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In
general, the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas
the engineering disciplines use Conventional Current.
• Since this is an engineering course, we will use Conventional
Current .

Electron Conventional
Flow Current

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 Ohm’s Law
• Defines the relationship between voltage, current, and
resistance in an electric circuit
• Ohm’s Law:
Current in a resistor varies in direct proportion to the voltage
applied to it and is inversely proportional to the resistor’s value.
• Stated mathematically:

V
V + -
I
R I R

Where: I is the current (amperes)

V is the potential difference (volts)
R is the resistance (ohms)
Ohm’s Law Triangle

V
I
V
(amperes , A )
I R R

V V
R (ohms ,  )
I R I

V
V  I R ( volts , V )
I R
 Basic Power Formula

P – instantaneous power in resistor in watts

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 Example: Ohm’s Law
Example 1.
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery and has a bulb with a
resistance of 150 . When the flashlight is on, how much current
will be drawn from the battery?

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 Example: Ohm’s Law
Example 1.
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery and has a bulb with a
resistance of 150 . When the flashlight is on, how much current
will be drawn from the battery?

Solution:
Schematic Diagram
IR
V
+
VT = VR I R
-

VR 6V
IR    0.04 A  40 mA
R 150 
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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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 Circuit Configuration
Components in a circuit can be connected in one
of two ways.
Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
• Components are connected • Both ends of the components
end-to-end. are connected together.
• There is only a single path • There are multiple paths for
for current to flow. current to flow.

Components 46
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.)
 Series Circuits

IT

+ -

VR1 +
+
VT
VR2
- VR3 -

- +
RT 47
 Example: Series Circuit
Example 1 :
For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate
the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, & IR3)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -

+ IR1 +
VT IR2 VR2
- IR3 -

- 48
RT +
VR3
 Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Total Resistance:
R T  R1  R2  R3
R T  220   470   1.2 k
R T  1890   1.89 k

Current Through Each Component:

VT
IT  (Ohm' s Law) V
RT
12 v I R
IT   6.349 mAmp
1.89 k

Since this is a series circuit :

IT  IR1  IR2  IR3  6.349 mAmp
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 Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Voltage Across Each Component:

VR1  IR1  R1  (Ohm' s Law)

VR1  6.349 mA  220 Ω  1.397 volts

VR2  IR2  R2 (Ohm' s Law)

VR2  6.349 mA  470 Ω  2.984 volts V
I R
VR3  IR3  R3 (Ohm' s Law)
VR3  6.349 mA  1.2 K Ω  7.619 volts

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 Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
VT  VR1  VR2  VR3
12 v  1.397 v  2.984 v  7.619 v
12 v  12 v

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 Parallel Circuits
Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit
• The voltage across every parallel component is equal.
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of
the reciprocal:
1 1 1 1 1
   RT 
RT R1 R2 R3 1 1 1
 
R1 R 2 R 3
• The sum of all of the currents in each branch (IR1 + IR2 + IR3) is equal
to the total current (IT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
• Power in each resistor is also additive
IT

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

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RT
Shortcut: Two // Resistor

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 Example: Parallel Circuit
Example 2 :
For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate
the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, & IR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
IT

IR1 IR2 IR3

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

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RT
 Example: Parallel Circuit
Solution:
Total Resistance:
1
RT 
1 1 1
 
R1 R 2 R 3
1
RT 
1 1 1
 
470  2.2 k 3.3 k
R T  346.59 

Voltage Across Each Component:

Since this is a parallel circuit :

VT  VR1  VR2  VR3  15 volts

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 Example: Parallel Circuit
Solution:
Current Through Each Component:
VR1
IR1  (Ohm' s Law)
R1
V 15 v
IR1  R1   31.915 mAmps
R1 470 

V
VR2 15 v
IR2    6.818 mAmps I R
R2 2.2 k 

VR3 15 v
IR3    4.545 mAmp
R3 3.3 k 

VT 15 v
IT    43.278 mAmp 56
RT 346.59 
 Example: Parallel Circuit
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
IT  IR1  IR2  IR3
43.278 mAmps  31.915 mA  6.818 mA  4.545 mA
43.278 mAmps  43.278 mAmps

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Example: S-P Circuit

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Example: S-P Circuits

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 Summary of Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of all of the voltage drops in a
series circuit equals the total applied
voltage.

Gustav Kirchhoff
1824-1887
German Physicist Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):
The total current in a parallel circuit
equals the sum of the individual branch
currents.

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Assignment # 1.a

R=6Ω
I = 0.5 A

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Assignment # 1.b

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Assignment # 1.c

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Symbols for Voltage & Current Sources

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Kirchhoff’s Law

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Kirchhoff’s Law

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Kirchhoff’s Law

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Voltage Divider Formula

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Example:

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Current Divider Formula

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Open Circuit

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Open Circuit

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Short Circuit

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Delta to Wye

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 Delta to Wye

Observe that each resistance in

the star is equal to the product of
the resistance of adjacent arms
of the Delta divided by the sum
of the three delta resistances
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Example: Delta to Wye

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WYE – DELTA

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 Wye to Delta

Observe that each of the

resistances in Delta is equal to
the sum of the products of the
resistances in the Star, taken two
at a time, divided by the
resistance in the opposite leg.
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Example: Wye-Delta

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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+ =
Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Maximum Power Transfer

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Kirchhoff’s Laws: Loop I

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Kirchhoff’s Laws: Loop II

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Kirchhoff’s Laws: Loop III

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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 Sample Problem
SOLUTION:

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Assignment # 2.a

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Assignment # 2.b

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Assignment # 2.c

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 Maxwell Mesh Analysis
RULES:

1. KVL still applies.

2. Circulating current in a mesh is the unit which an
equation is made.
3. All voltage drop of a mesh current in its own mesh
must have the sign of positive (+) and written
collectively as one voltage drop by adding all the
resistances in the mesh.
4. Take note of resistance common to two meshes.
5. A mesh current is an assumed current, while a branch
current is the actual current.
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 Sample Problem
1. Find the branch currents and voltage drop in each resistor

= 12 Ω =3Ω

84 V =6Ω 21 V

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Sample Problem

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 Sample Problem

12 V 8V
A B C

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Sample Problem

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 Sample Problem
3. Find the branch currents?

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Sample Problem

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 Sample Problem
4. Find the current flowing on each resistor

0.5 A

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Sample Problem

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 Nodal Analysis
 Circuit analysis format which combines
KCL with the source conversions.
 At any independent node, the algebraic
sum of the resistor currents leaving the
node equal to the algebraic sum of the
source currents entering the node.

 Nodal Analysis particularly useful in

analyzing networks when a common portion
of the network is fed from several sources
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in parallel.
Source Conversion

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Source Conversion

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 Sample Problem
An automobile generator with an internal resistance of 0.2Ω
develops an open circuit voltage of 16V. The storage
battery an internal resistance of 0.1Ω and an open circuit
voltage of 12.8V. Both sources are connected in parallel to
a 1Ω load between two load current. Find the load current?
13V, 13A

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