Smart Home Technologies

Networking
Networking for Smart Homes
 Requirements
 Network Topologies
 Technologies
 Networking
 Service Discovery
Requirements
 Noise Rejection
 Network has to allow for reliable communication
 Requires preservation of data and synchronization of data
lines
 Bandwidth
 Smart Homes can contain many sensors and actuators
 Sensor data can be generated at different rates
 Connectivity
 Sensors have to be connected to processing units
 Integration
 Network structures have to be integrated into buildings
 Privacy and Security
 Smart Home networks will transfer private and sensitive data
Bandwidth Requirements Example
 Camera (15) – 320x240, 8-bit color
 Motion (15) – distance, direction, velocity
 Temperature (12)
 Humidity (12)
 Light (12) – frequency, intensity
 Microphone (12) – 8000 Hz
 Gas (4)
 Pressure (100)
 Bandwidth Requirements
Sensor Number Bits/sec (1) Bits/sec (total)
Camera (320x240) 15 184,320 2,764,800
8-bit color
Motion (dir/dis/vel) 15 48 720
Temperature 12 16 192
Humidity 12 16 192
Light (inten/freq) 12 32 384
Microphone (8KHz) 12 64,000 768,000
Gas 4 16 64
Pressure 100 16 1600
Total 182 248,464 3,535,952
Other Bandwidth Requirements
 Audio
 Phones (16 kHz, 8 bit)
 Radios (44 kHz, 16 bit)
 TVs (44 kHz, 16 bit)
 Media players (44 kHz,
16 bit)
 Monitoring (16 kHz, 8
bit)
 2.4 Mbits/sec (one
each)
 Internet, control, …
 Video
 Phones (30fps, 320x240,
8-bit color)
 TVs (60 fps, 1024x768,
24-bit color)
 Video players (60 fps,
1024x768, 24-bit color)
 Monitoring (30 fps,
320x240, 8-bit color)
 ~6.9 Gbits/sec (one
each)
Other Bandwidth Requirements
Other Network Requirements
 Worst-case throughput: 10 Gbits/sec
 Maximum throughput: 5 Gbits/sec
 Quality of Service (QoS)
 Audio, video
 Plug and play (service discovery)
Network Topologies
 Infrastructure-Based Networks
 Pre-defined routes through the network
 Nodes can directly address each other and routers forward
packets appropriately
 Addition of nodes changes the routing pattern
 Point-To-Point Networks
 Every node has a connection to every other node
 Communication is directly between the nodes
 High overhead setting up the connections for new nodes
 Ad-Hoc Networks
 Routes are determined “on the fly” and can change
 Nodes forward signals for other nodes
 Addition of nodes can be handled relatively straightforwardly
 Topologies (Point-to-Point)
 Every device is connected to every
other device
A B  Good points
 simplest approach
C D  no addressing needed
 everyone is your neighbor
 you can always talk to your neighbor
 Bad points
 number of ports/lines grow relatively
quickly with the number of devices
 Topologies (Hierarchy)
 Devices are connected via hubs to other
devices
A
 If everyone is connected to a single hub, it
is called a Star topology
B  Good points
 fewer connections
 devices can have neighborhoods
C  Bad points
 you need an address
you may have to wait to talk to a neighbor
D 

 asymmetric communication with some

devices
 Topologies (Broadcast)
 All of the devices are connected to a
A single wire
 Good points
B  single wire
 everyone is your neighbor

C
 Bad points
 you need an address
 you may have to wait to talk to anyone
D  collisions can occur
 communication times become statistical
 Physical Addresses
 If more than two devices are on the same wire (bus),
0001 you will need an address to send and receive data
A  Approaches
 separate vs. combined data/address lines
1111  hardwired vs. selectable address
B  Issues
 as the number of devices increase, the address space
1000 (size of the address) must increase
C  hardwired addresses may tell you nothing about the
network topology
1100  addresses will be used up by devices that might not be
D on-line
 so your address space may be too big, causing too much
overhead
 Virtual Addresses
 A solution to some physical address problems
00 is a virtual address
A
 the address space (size of the address) can be
reduced by only giving addresses to on-line devices
01 addresses can be set up to support network
B 
topology
 Approaches
10
C  fixed vs. run-time addresses
 universal vs. p-to-p addresses
11  Issues
D  how to assign them
 their relationship to the physical address
Network Technologies
 Wired
 Phone Line
 Power Line
 New Wire
 Wireless
 RF
 Infrared
Wired Network Technology Examples
 Phone line
 Home Phoneline Networking Alliance (HomePNA)
 Power line
 X10
 Consumer Electronics Bus (CEBus)
 HomePlug
 LonWorks
 New wire
 Ethernet (coax, twisted pair, optical fiber)
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
 IEEE 1394 Firewire
 Home Audio Video Interoperability (HAVi)
 Specialty: audio, video
Phoneline Networking
 Home Phoneline Networking Alliance
(HomePNA)
 www.homepna.org
 IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect
(CSMA/CD)
 10 Mbps (HPNA 2.0)
 Length: 500 feet
HomePNA Packet
HomePNA Frequencies
 Standard voice (POTS): 20Hz - 3.4kHz
 UADSL: 25kHz - 1.1MHz
 Home network: 5.5MHz - 9.5MHz
Phoneline Network Issues
 Random wiring topologies & signal
attenuation
 Home phoneline wiring system is a random “tree”
topology
 Simply plugging in the phone or disconnecting the
fax changes the tree
 This topology can cause signal attenuation
 Signal noise
 Appliances, heaters, air conditioners, consumer
appliances & telephones can introduce signal
noise onto the phone wires
Powerline Networking
 Ubiquity of power lines
 10+ Mbps
 Technologies
 X10
 Consumer Electronics Bus (CEBus)
 HomePlug
 LonWorks
X10
 X10 controllers send signals over
existing AC wiring to receiver modules
 X10 technology transmits binary data
using the Amplitude Modulation (AM)
technique
 www.x10.com
X10
 To differentiate the data symbols, the
carrier uses the zero-voltage crossing
point of the 60Hz AC sine wave on the
cycle’s positive or negative transition
 Synchronized receivers accept the
carrier at each zero-crossing point
 X10 uses two zero crossings to transmit
a binary digit so as to reduce errors
X10
 Every bit requires a full 60 Hertz cycle and
thus the X10 transmission rate is limited to
only 60 bps
 Usually a complete X10 command consists of
two packets with a 3 cycle gap between each
packet
 Each packet contains two identical messages of 11
bits (or 11 cycles) each
 A complete X-10 command consumes 47 cycles
that yields a transmission time of about 0.8s
Consumer Electronics Bus
(CEBus)
 Open standard providing separate physical
layer specification for communication on
power lines and other media
 Electronic Industries Association (EIA-600)
 www.cebus.org
 Data packets are transmitted by the
transceiver at about 10 Kbps
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect
(CSMA/CD)
 Employing spread spectrum technology
(100Hz-400 Hz)
OSI and CEBus (EIA-600)
Spread Spectrum Modulation
 Frequency spectrum of a data-signal is
spread using a code uncorrelated with that
signal
 Sacrifices bandwidth to gain signal-to-noise
performance
HomePlug
 HomePlug Powerline Alliance
 www.homeplug.org
 Spread-spectrum technology
HomePlug
 Speed
 Support file transfers at 10BaseT-like rates
 Either node-to-node file transfer or scenarios with
multiple nodes performing simultaneous file
transfers
 HomePlug 1.0 (14 Mbps)
 Voice over IP (VoIP)
 Maintain adequate QoS while supporting multiple,
simultaneous VoIP calls while other nodes are
transferring files and during multiple media
streams
HomePlug
 Interoperability
 Interoperate with other networking technologies
 Co-exist with existing powerline networking
technologies such as X-10, CEBus and LonWorks
 Security
 Contain strong privacy features
 Support multiple logical networks on a single
physical medium
 Be applicable to markets in North America, Europe
and Asia
LonWorks
 Local Operation Networks (LonWorks)
 Developed by Echelon Corporation
 www.echelon.com
 Provides a peer-to-peer communication
protocol, implementing Carrier Sense Multiple
Access (CSMA) techniques
 1.25 Mbps
 Works for other wired and wireless media
LonWorks
 A common message-based
communications protocol
 LonTalk protocol implements all seven
layers of the OSI model using a mixture
of hardware and firmware on a silicon
chip
 Protocol can be run as fast as 20 MHz
Powerline Network Issues
 Noise
 Switching power supplies
 Wound motors
 Vacuum cleaners, kitchen appliances, drills
 Dimmers
 Security
 Signal attenuation
New Wire Networking
 Ethernet (coax, twisted pair, optical fiber)
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
 IEEE 1394 Firewire
 Home Audio Video Interoperability (HAVi)
 Specialty: audio, video
Ethernet
 IEEE 802.3
 CSMA/CD
 Up to 1 Gbps
 IEEE 802.3ae
 10GBase-X, 10 Gps
 Lengths up to 40 km
 www.ethermanage.com/ethernet
IEEE 802.3
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
 www.usb.org
 480 Mbps
 Plug and Play
 Hot pluggable
 Up to 127 devices simultaneously
 Powered bus
 5m maximum cable length
IEEE 1394 Firewire (i.LINK)
 Digital interface
 No need to convert digital data into analog
and tolerate a loss of data integrity
 Transferring data @ 100, 200, 400 Mbps
 Physically small
 The thin serial cable can replace larger and
more expensive interfaces
IEEE 1394 Firewire
 No need for terminators or device IDs
 Hot pluggable
 Users can add or remove 1394 devices
with the bus active
 Scaleable architecture
 May mix 100, 200, and 400 Mbps devices
on a bus
IEEE 1394 Firewire
 It can connect up to 63 devices @
transfer rate of 400Mbps
 Up to 16 nodes can be daisy- chained
through the connectors
 Standard cables up to 4.5 m in length for a
total standard cable length of 72 m
IEEE 1394 Firewire
 Flexible topology
 Support of daisy chaining and branching
for true peer-to-peer communication
 Non-proprietary
IEEE 1394b
 1394b is a significant enhancement to the
basic 1394 specification that enables:
 Speed increases to 3.2 Gbps
 Distances of 100 meters on UTP-5, plastic optical
fiber and glass optical fiber
 Significantly reduces latency times by using
arbitration
 Fully backwards compatible with the current
1394 and 1394a specifications
I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)
 One of the oldest controller buses
 Philips (1980s)
 Low-cost chip-to-chip communication link
 uses two wires to form a clocked serial bus
 one called Clock (SCL) and the other Data (SDA)
 the SDA carries address, selection, control, and
data
 Overview
 multi-master bus (up to 1024 devices)
 can run at speed up to 3.4 Mbps
 can be used as a SAN
 but normal ranges are on the order of 14 cm
Home Audio Video
Interoperability (HAVi)
 HAVi is a digital Audio Video networking
initiative that provides a home
networking software specification
 Seamless interoperability among home
entertainment products
 Designed to meet the particular
demands of digital audio and video
 www.havi.org
HAVi
 Defines operating-system-neutral middleware
that manages:
 Multi-directional AV streams
 Event schedule
 Registries
 Takes advantage of chips built into modern
audio and video appliances
 Provides the management function of a dedicated
audio-video networking system
 IEEE 1394 (i. LINK or FireWire) has been
chosen as the interconnection medium
Specialty Wiring
 Audio
 Coax
 RCA
 Speaker wire
 Video
 Coax
 RCA
 VGA
 ~100m maximum cable lengths
Automotive Inspired Busses
LIN
(Local Interconnect Network)
 Designed for European cars (still used)
 Very simple
 single wire
 single mastered bus
 Overview
 1 master, up to 16 Slaves
 uses a message-based protocol
 maximum distance of 40 m
 Two data rates
 9,600 and 19.2 Kbps
 CAN
(Controller Area Network )
 CAN was designed to support emission control
system in European cars
 but became a general automation control bus
 Capable of
 high-speed (1 Mbits/s) data transmission over short
distances (40 m)
 low-speed (5 kbits/s) transmissions at lengths of up to
10,000 m
 Overview
 a multi-master bus
 highly fault tolerant
 Built-in support for error detection and handling
MOST
(Media Oriented System Transport)
 An inexpensive
automotive and
appliance network
 25 Mbps fiber-optic
bus
 for real-time data
transfer
 used in surround-
sound systems and
CD and DVD players
FlexRay
 Designed to replace LIN, CAN and MOST as
a ‘by wire’ solution for future cars
 It is a fiber-optic bus (like MOST)
 Current speed
 10 Mbps
 But it is designed to go much higher
 could run faster than 100 Mbps
 But remember
 that is faster than most current micro-
controller’s internal bus speed
Wireless Network Technologies
 Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications (DECT)
 HomeRF
 Bluetooth
 IEEE 802.11
 HiperLAN2
 Infrared
General Wireless

 Narrow band
 Spread spectrum
 Direct Sequence (DSSS)
 Frequency Hopping (FHSS)
 Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
DECT
 Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications (DECT)
 www.dectweb.com
 Digital radio technology
 Dynamic channel selection
 Encryption, authentication, identification
 500 Kbps – 2 Mbps
 Cordless phones
HomeRF
 www.homerf.org
 Shared Wireless Access Protocol
(SWAP)
 IEEE 802.11 for data
 DECT for voice
HomeRF
 Specifications
 2.4 GHz band
 FHSS
 1.6 Mbps (10 Mbps with SWAP 2.0)
 50m range
 127 nodes
Bluetooth
 www.bluetooth.com
 Ericsson, the principal inventor,
borrowed the name from Harald
Bluetooth (son of Gorm)
 The King of Denmark circa 900AD
 United Denmark and Norway
Bluetooth
 Specifications
 2.4 GHz
 FHSS (79 channels)
 1600 hops per second
 Error correction
 1 Mbps capacity, 780 Kbps throughput
 10m distance
 Low power (1 mW)
Bluetooth
 Personal Area Networks (PANs)
 Piconet
 Collection of up to 8 devices using same
hopping sequence
 Scatternet
 Collection of piconets, each with different
hopping sequence
IEEE 802.11

Standard Frequency PHY Layer Data Rate Distance*

802.11a 5 GHz OFDM 54 Mbps 50m

802.11b 2.4 GHz DSSS 11 Mbps 100m

802.11e, Offers QoS and backwards compatibility

MAC layer (in committee)
802.11g 2.4 GHz OFDM 54 Mbps ?

* Data rate degrades with distance.

HiperLAN2
 www.hiperlan2.com
 5 GHz
 54 Mbps
 OFDM
 Automatic frequency allocation
 TDMA/TDD (Time Division)
 QoS support
Infrared
 www.irda.org
 Directed – line of sight
 1m range
 Diffuse – reflective
 Limited to room size
 Speed
 4 Mbps available
 16 Mbps coming
 50 Mbps possible
Wireless Networking
Wireless Issues
 Distance
 2.4 GHz interference
 Microwave ovens
 Cordless phones
 Security
 Not a backbone solution
Wireless Personal Area Networks
(WPAN)
 802.15.X
 Intended for low cost, low distance, low power
personal networks
 Often intended for mesh networking
 E.g. ZigBee (build on 802.11.4)
Ad-Hoc Mesh Networks
 Ad-Hoc networks of wireless sensors and
devices
 Benefits:
 Easy to build (require no infrastructure to be available)
 Dynamic and mobile
 Fault tolerant (usually no single point of failure)
 Challenges:
 Choice of routing to optimize performance
 QoS
 Power consumption
 Synchronization and collision avoidance
Service Discovery
 Self-configuring devices
 Device becomes aware of network,
network services and other devices
 Automatic, as opposed to manual (e.g.,
DHCP, DNS, LDAP)
 Several incompatible protocols
Service Discovery Protocols
 Salutation
 Service Location Protocol (SLP)
 Jini
 Universal Plug and Play
 Zero-Configuration Networking
Salutation
 www.salutation.org
 Architecture for looking up, discovering
and accessing services and information
Salutation
 Abstractions for devices, applications, and
services
 Current definitions
 Printers
 Fax machines
 Document storage devices
 Address book
 Schedule
 Voice message answer, send, storage
 More coming (e.g., display, OS)
Salutation
 Capabilities exchange protocol
 Service request protocol
 “Personalities” (standardized protocols
for common services)
 APIs for information access and session
management
Service Location Protocol (SLP)
 Developed by Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF)
 Applies existing Internet standards to
service discovery problem
 www.srvloc.org
 www.openslp.org
SLP Agents
 User Agent (UA)
 The SLP User Agent is a software entity that is
looking for the location of one or more services.
 Service Agent (SA)
 The SLP Service Agent is a software entity that
provides the location of one or more services.
 Directory Agent(DA)
 The SLP Directory Agent is a software entity that
acts as a centralized repository for service location
information.
SLP Messages
 Service Request (SrvRqst)
 Message sent by UAs to SAs and DAs to
request the location of a service.
 Service Reply (SrvRply)
 Message sent by SAs and DAs in reply to a
SrvRqst. The SrvRply contains the URL of
the requested service.
SLP Messages (cont.)
 Service Registration (SrvReg)
 Message sent by SAs to DAs containing
information about a service that is available.
 Service Deregister (SrvDeReg)
 Message sent by SAs to inform DAs that a service
is no longer available.
 Service Acknowledge (SrvAck)
 A generic acknowledgment that is sent by DAs to
SAs as a reply to SrvReg and SrcDeReg messages.
SLP Messages (cont.)
 Attribute Request (AttrRqst)
 Message sent by UAs to request the
attributes of a service.
 Attribute Reply (AttrRply)
 Message sent by SAs and DAs in reply to a
AttrRqst. The AttrRply contains the list of
attributes that were requested.
SLP Messages (cont.)
 Service Type Request (SrvTypeRqst)
 Message sent by UAs to SAs and DAs
requesting the types of services that are
available.
 Service Type Reply (SrvTypeRply)
 Message by SAs and DAs in reply to a
SrvTypeRqst. The SrvTypeRply contains a
list of requested service types.
SLP Messages (cont.)
 DA Advertisement (DAAdvert)
 Message sent by DAs to let SAs and UAs
know where they are.
 SA Advertisement (SAAdvert)
 Message sent by SAs to let UAs know
where they are.

 Unicast or multicast messaging

Jini
 Service discovery for networks of Java-
enabled devices
 www.sun.com/jini
 www.jini.org
Jini
Jini
 Services
 Lookup
 Communications
 Java-RMI, CORBA, …
 Security
 Leasing
 Events
Universal Plug and Play
 Microsoft’s service discovery approach
 IP-based discovery protocols
 XML
 www.upnp.org
 Examples
Universal Plug and Play
 Devices
 Containers for services
 XML description
 Services
 Actions (i.e., methods)
 Control server
 Event server
 State (i.e., variables)
 XML description
Universal Plug and Play
 Control points
 Retrieve the device description and get a list of
associated services.
 Retrieve service descriptions for interesting
services.
 Invoke actions to control the service.
 Subscribe to the service’s event source. Anytime
the state of the service changes, the event server
will send an event to the control point.
UPnP Protocols
 Protocols
 UDP, TCP/IP, HTTP, XML
 Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP)
 Generic Event Notification Architecture
(GENA)
 Send/receive event notifications using HTTP
over TCP/IP and multicast UDP
 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)
 XML and HTTP for remote procedure calls
UPnP Protocol Stack
UPnP Vendor Defined

UPnP Forum Working Committee Defined

UPnP Device Architecture Defined

SOAP
SSDP (Control)
HTTPMU GENA SSDP HTTPU HTTP
(Discovery) (Discovery)
HTTP GENA
(Description) (Events)

UDP TCP

IP
Zero-Configuration Networking
 Zeroconf (www.zeroconf.org)
 IETF standard
 Objectives
 Allocate addresses without a DHCP server
 Translate between names and IP addresses
without a DNS server
 Find services, like printers, without a directory
server
 Allocate IP Multicast addresses without a MADCAP
server
 Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol
Zeroconf Protocols
 Address autoconfiguration
 Configure interfaces with unique addresses
 Determine which subnet mask to use
 Detect duplicate address assignment
 Cope with collisions
 Name-to-address translation
 Multicast DNS
 Decentralized
Zeroconf Protocols
 Service discovery
 Service Location Protocol (SLP)
 DNS Service Resource Record
 Use expanded DNS for service requests
 Multicast address allocation
 Zeroconf Multicast Address Allocation Protocol
(ZMAAP)
 Allocate unique addresses and maintain them over time
 Prevent reallocation of assigned addresses
 Be notified of multicast allocation collision