Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
CH2421 - Experiments
Dr. Anand Mohan
Chemical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad
CONTENTS
• Apparatus
– Sample Solution is Glycerol
– Standard Hydrometer
– Capillary tubes with bore diameter of
1.6mm, 0.8mm, 0.4mm
– SS sphere with dia = 23.43*10-6m and
density = 7800kg/m3
– Standard weights of 1kg for Bourden
Pressure gauge
– Inclined, U tubes with water
• Aim
– Determination of fluid density and
specific gravity
– Use of a hydrometer
– Capillarity in tubes (surface tension)
– Measurement of viscosity by falling
sphere method
– Operation of Bourden Pressure gauge
– Inclined and U tube Manometers
1. HYDROSTATICS AND PROPERTIES OF FLUID
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS
Bore Height in Constant = • Density Measurement
Dimension, bore ht [mm] (ht *d)/4
d [mm] Initial Weight of Beaker = W1 kgs
Volume of Glycerol Taken = V ml
1.6
= Vm3
0.8 Final weight of beaker with
0.4 Glycerol = W2 kgs
Density of Glycerol , kg/m3 = (W2
• Capillarity in tubes - W1) / V
Principle: Surface tension balanced by
weight of column of water • Specific Gravity Measurement
Hydrometer Reading =
Density of Glycerol kg/m3 =
1. HYDROSTATICS AND PROPERTIES OF FLUID
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS
• Measurement of Kinematic Viscosity
Stokes Law
𝑔𝑑2 σ
ϑ= ( − 1)
18𝑣 ρ
Formulas: Increasing
W= M *g Decreasing
Gauge Pressure
P = W/ A
Error
A = Piston Area = 315 * 10-6 m2
Average Error (kPa) = Average pressure – Applied Pressure
Error % = (Average error/200 kPa) *100
Applied Pressure Applied Pressure
1. HYDROSTATICS AND PROPERTIES OF FLUID
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS
• Inclined and U Tube Manometers (Procedure)
DO NOT APPLY NEGATIVE PRESSURE TO PRESSURE GAUGE
Make the necessary connections for pressure gauge
At each increment of 50 units in gauge note down the corresponding
Manometer readings for both U tube and Inclined tube
Repeat the experiment with Vacuum gauge
DONOT APPLY POSITIVE PRESSURE TO VACUUM GAUGE
Manometer Reading
Vertical Vertical
Inclined Inclined
• Apparatus
– 2.5m rectangular, clear adjustable
channel
– Sharp Crested Weir
– Venturi Flume
– Sluice Gate
• Aim
– To determine the effective coefficient
of discharge C for flow over typical
obstacles in hydraulics
2. FLOW CHANNEL 2.5m
• Procedure
Place the Sharp Crested Weir and measure channel height by depth gauge
Start the Hydraulic bench with valve open to optimum position
Use the pipette bulb to blow air and obtain separation of stream from weir
Increase the valve to maximum flow
Record the first reading by depth gauge, and the time to collect 15lts
Repeat recordings for different (reduced) valve openings
Place the Venturiflume in the channel and measure channel height by depth gauge
Start the Hydraulic bench with maximum flow
Using vernier calipers measure the throat width and place depth gauge at center of
throat
Record the first reading by depth gauge and corresponding time to collect 15lts
Repeat recordings for different (reduced) valve openings
Place Sluice Gauge at 20mm height from channel base and measure channel height by
depth gauge
Increase the valve to maximum flow
Record the first reading by depth gauge, and time to collect 15lts, repeat twice
Repeat recordings for different (reduced) valve openings
2. FLOW CHANNEL 2.5m
• Readings
Create blank tables as given below and next slide
Record the readings in the table for all 3 Models/Gates
• Principle
In steady flow, shear stress force on water column balanced by gravity force
Shear stress = f.(1/2.rho.(V_o)^2)
Sluice Gate: .
Depth Gauge= y1 = m 𝒂
Channel width = b = 0.0535m Q= 𝑪𝒂𝒃 𝟐𝒈 𝑬 − 𝟐
Gate opening = a = 0.020m
Water Time Depth Head,h = Q = w/t V= Specific C
Qty, w [L] [sec] Guage, y2 y1-y2 [m] [m3/sec] Q/(h*b) Energy, E
[m] [m/sec] = V2/2g
3. WEIRS FOR H1D
• Apparatus
– Rectangular Notch Weirs:
Depth 100mm, width 30mm
– V Notch Weirs:
One of depth 100mm, total notch
angle 30 [θ =15]
One of depth 100mm, total notch
angle 90 [θ =45]
• Aim
– To find mean coefficient of discharge
for the weir
3. WEIRS FOR H1D
• Procedure
Fix the desired weir in the open channel of the Hydraulic bench. Smear some grease if
required.
Note the initial water level [Datum of head]
Start the pump of the hydraulic bench and adjust the highest flow rate
Wait for flow rate and upstream level to stabilize and note the time taken to collect 15lts
of water.
Use the level gauge to measure the water height. Subtract the datum value from your
reading to get the head
Repeat for lower flow rates in step difference of approx. 10mm
• Readings
Create blank table as given in next slide
Record in tables for Rectangular notch, V notch respectively
• Principle
Bernoulli’s equation (inviscid fluid) holds for flow upstream & at notch
3. WEIRS FOR H1D
Rectangular Weir
Datum Value of Head =
Width of notch, B = 0.03m
Water Qty L Time [sec] Flow rate ,Q Gauge Head ,H [m] H 3/2 [m] Cdr
[lt] [m3/sec] Reading
[mm]
Calculation Method
Q = L/time
Head = H = Datum value – Gauge value
C dr = Q/(2.95 * B* H3/2)
Graphical Method
C dr = Slope/(2.95 * B)
3. WEIRS FOR H1D
V Notch Weir
Datum Value of Head =
Angle of notch, θ = 15 or 45
Water Qty L Time [sec] Flow rate ,Q Guage Head ,H [m] H 5/2 [m] Cdv
[lt] [m3/sec] Reading
[mm]
Calculation Method
Q = L/time
Head = H = Datum value – Gauge value
C dr = Q/(2.36 * tan θ * H5/2)
Graphical Method
C dr = Slope/(2.36 * tan θ)
4. IMPACT OF A JET
• Apparatus
– Weigh Beam Scale:
250mm in 1mm divisions
– Jockey Weight:
0.6 kg
– Standard Vanes:
Flat Plate Vane
Hemispherical Vane
• Aim
– To demonstrate that the force on a
vane is proportional to the rate of
delivery of momentum
4. IMPACT OF A JET
• Procedure
Make sure the weigh beam is at balance with jockey weight at zero position
Start the hydraulic pump with max flow rate
Move the jockey weight until the beam balances again. Note the distance y from zero
position
Measure the time taken to collect 15lts of water
Reduce distance y in increments of approx. 15mm and repeat the experiment by
reducing the flow rate to obtain the beam balanced.
Repeat the same procedure by changing the vane.
• Readings
Create a blank table as given in next slide
Record in tables for flat plate vane and hemispherical vane respectively
• Principle
Momentum change of jet on vane recorded as force about the lever arm
Force on lever arm creates torque which is balanced by the weight
4. IMPACT OF A JET
Formulas
Speed of jet at exit, u = ṁ/(ρ * A)
Density of water, ρ =1000 kg/m3
Cross sectional area of nozzle, A = 78.5*10-6
m2
Velocity deflected by vane, uO2 = u2-0.687
Rate of delivery of momentum, ṁuO kgm/s2
Force on Vane = F Newtons
Experimental F = 4gy
Flat Plate Vane, Ideal F = ṁuo
Hemispherical vane, Ideal F = 2*ṁuo
5. FLOW MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
• Apparatus
– Venturimeter with inlet diameter =
16mm, Outlet diameter = 26mm
– Orifice meter with orifice = 20mm
– Rotameter with max reading of
210mm with 1mm division
• Aim
– To measure the discharge of an
incompressible fluid by a Venturi
meter, an Orifice plate meter and a
rotameter
– To measure the head loss associated
with each meter
5. FLOW MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
• Procedure
Start the hydraulic pump to fill the system completely with water such that no air is
entrapped in the system
Switch off the pump
Open the air purge valve slowly so that the manometer reads approx. 200mm
Start the pump again and adjust the valve such that the rotameter reads approx. 10mm
When a steady flow is maintained record the flow by Hydraulic bench and note down
the manometer readings
Repeat the procedure for a number of equidistant rotameter readings up to max.
pressure readings can be recorded
• Readings
Create a blank table as given in next slide
Record in tables for Venturi meter, orifice meter and rotameter respectively
• Principle
The Venturi meter & Orifice plate meter are dependent on Bernoulli’s equation for
calculations
Rotameter depends on pressure drop across float being independent of discharge
Rotameter height is proportional to discharge rate (see formula in manual)
5. FLOW MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Manometer A
levels
B
Rotameter [mm]
Water [kg]
Time [sec]
Mass Venturi
Flow rate
[kg/sec] Orifice
Weigh
Tank
Volumet Weigh
ric Flow tank
rate
[lt/min]
ΔH/Inlet Venturi
Kinetic
Head Orifice
Weigh
Tank
5. FLOW MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Mass flow rate of: Calculation of Head Loss:
Rotameter
Head loss = hh – hi
6. LOSSES IN PIPING SYSTEM
• Apparatus
– Standard Bore Straight pipe: 13.6mm
– Sudden Expansion 13.6mm to
26.2mm
– Sudden Contraction 26.2mm to
13.6mm
– Bends with pipe dia, d = 13.6mm
Mitre [No radius] R =0, R/d= 0
Elbow R =13.6, R/d= 1
50mm radius R =50, R/d= 3.7
100mm radius R =100, R/d= 7.35
150mm radius R =150, R/d= 11.03
• Aim
– To compute theoretical friction factor
from the Blasius equation
– To find pressure loss across sudden
expansion and sudden contraction
fittings
– To measure loss coefficient for 5
bends
6. LOSSES IN PIPING SYSTEM
• Procedure
Start the hydraulic bench for max flow
Fully shut globe valve and open gate valve fully
Measure the flow rate using the hydraulic bench
Slowly close the gate valve in increment of 0.05mbar, record the manometer pressure
drops and corresponding flow rate using the hydraulic bench.
Try to obtain until max pressure is reached.
Repeat the experiment with gate valve closed and globe valve fully open
• Readings
Create a blank table as given in next slide
Record in tables for gate valve and globe valve respectively
• Principle
Continuity equation used to infer mass balance across bends
Head loss across geometry calculated using friction factor expression
Head loss away from geometry ignored: Bernoulli’s equation is used
6. LOSSES IN PIPING SYSTEM
Gate Valve:
Gauge reading, fully open=
Volumetric flow rate =
Pressure gauge Time for Manometric reading [mm]
reading [mbar] 15lts[sec]
1 2 3 4 5 6
Globe Valve:
Gauge reading, fully open=
Volumetric flow rate =
Pressure gauge Time for 15 lts Manometric reading [mm]
reading [mbar] [sec]
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
6. LOSSES IN PIPING SYSTEM
Calculation of theoretical friction factor from the Blasius equation :
Given data:
Diameter of pipe = 13.6mm, Area = A
Kinematic viscosity of water = ϑ =0.8539*10-6 m2/sec
Length of tube = L = 0.914m
Formulas:
V= Q/A
f = (hL*2gd) /(4LV2)
Re = (V*d) / ϑ
Blasius f = 0.0785 / (Re)0.25
6. LOSSES IN PIPING SYSTEM
Calculation of KE Valve for sudden Expansion:
Pressure Flow Upstream Velocity VU and Downstream Velocity Vd Piezo HL= piezo + hU - hd
Gauge rate Q Head hU and Head hd reading
Reading [m3/sec] 7&8
[mbar]
Vu = Q/Au hu = Vd = Q/Ad hd =
Vu2/2g Vd2/2g
Given Data:
Au = 0.0001453m2
Ad = 0.000539m2
Theoretical KE = (1- (AU/Ad))2
Pressure Flow Upstream Velocity VU and Downstream Velocity Vd Piezo HL= piezo + hU - hd
Gauge rate Q Head hU and Head hd reading
Reading [m3/sec 9 & 10
[mbar] ]
Vu = Q/Au hu = Vd = Q/Ad hd =
Vu2/2g Vd2/2g
Given Data:
Au = 0.000539m2
Ad = 0.0001453m2
Theoretical KC = 0.33 from Table (Kc vs Ad/Au)
Compare Kc Actual with Theoretical
6. LOSSES IN PIPING SYSTEM
Calculation of KB Valve for 5 Bend Fittings at pressure gauge of mbar:
Mitre 0 5&6
Elbow 1 1&2
50mm 3.6 15 & 16
100mm 7.3 11 & 12
150mm 11.02 13 & 14