MISS SHWETA CHATURVEDI SCHOOL OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCE

BMIT 1ST YEAR SHARDA UNIVERSITY

ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC STATES OF

MATTER MAGNETISM
FOR ELECTRIC STATES

1.ELECTRIC FIELD. Electric lines of forces assoicated

with each electric charge is an electric field.The electr
field points outward from a positive charge and
towards a negative charge
WHEN two similar charge negative and negative
or positive and positive are brought close
together, their eletric fields are in opposite
direction which causes the eletric charges to
repel each other
COLOUMBS LAWS:IT states that electrostatic
force is directly proportional to the product of the
electrostatic charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them

F = αQ1.Q2
Fα1\r^2
Where
F= force between the two charge
Q1Q2 (newton)
Q1q2 are charge coloumb
R = DISTANCE between the 2 charge and and
denoted by meter
K = constant of proportionality
• THE electric field strength ;Force
experienced by a charge is known as electric field
strength.It is a vector quantity and has a
magnitude and direction direction.It is also called
as electric field intensity
E=F\q ,SI unit N\c
f is the force experienced by a charge and q the
electric field strength

THE electric potential;

The eletric potential at a point in an electric field is
the work done in taking a unit positive charge from
infinity to that point.positive charge flow from a
point of higher potential to a point of lower
potential and negative is just reverse
• ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION;
• It is method of charging a body and is used in
electrostatic machines and capacitors . It is a
phenomena in which positive and negative
charges are accumulated or separated in a
substance

A( -Vely charged body) B conductor C

• The amount of charge in A and BC are equal in

magntiude
OHM’S LAWS;
VαI ( voltage α current)
V=RI
When ,v=electric potential measured in volt
I=electric current and measure in amper
R =electric resristance measured in ohms

CONDUCTOR;
1,THE substance in which electric charges moves freely
.The resistance of the conductor or
Metal is 0.000006 ohmcm .forbidden energy gap
conductor is zero
• INSULATOR
• Substance which donot allow charge to move freely
through them .NO of freet e\s are negligable.
Resistivity of insulator is 10^13 ohm cm

• valence band is completely filled and the conductor

band is completely empty. Forbidden gap is in the
order of 6ev
•
• SEMICONDUCTOR =substance whose
conductivity is in betw een the conductor and insulator
• Resistivity of the conductor is less
• There is the conduction and valence bond are separated
by a gap of 1ev
• At absolute zero temperature all the semi conductor are
insulator
• At room temperature conduction begins due to thermal
energy and hence they become semi conductor
• The absence of e\s in the valence band is represention
small circle c\d holes positively charged
• No of holes in the valence band is equal to the no of e\s
in the conduction band
SUPER CONDUCTOR;= At very low temperature the
resistivity of certain metals of all alloys become
materials in such state are called super conductor.
They generate strong magentic field .eg titanium

ELECTRIC CURRENT=Movement of electric

charges in a conductor is called an electric current
.The unit of electric
Current is ampere (A)

RESISTANCE =The property of a conductor by which

opposes th e flow of current. The properties of
resistance are as follows
• 1 shape of the substance=the resistance increase
with length
• 2 Type of substance=good electrical conductor will
have a lower resistance than insulator
• 3 Temperature of the conductor=A change in
temperature affects the resistance of a body

RESISTOR = IT is an electrical component that limits

or regulated the flow of electrical current in an
electronic circuit
AMMETER =IT is used for measuring electric current
in a circuit directly in ampere or fraction of amper.
An ammeter is always placed in series with circuit
since the resistance is low
 – GALVANOMETER=It is a device used for integrating
the current circuit. There are are two types of
galvanomet
– 1)moving magnet
– 2)moving coil type

– VOLTMETER= It is an instrument used to measure

potential diffference(voltage) between any 2 points of a
conductor in any part of the circuit

FOR MAGNETIC STATES

1)Magnets =A substance which sets itself in the north
– south direction is called MAGNET
• A magnet posses a property of magnetism by
which it attracts iron filling
• A moving charge particles induces a magnetic
field in a plain bar to its motion

• MAGNETIC FIELD=The space around a

magnetic pole in which another pole
experience a force is called MAGNETIC field

• MAGNETIC INDUCTION = A magnet can

induce magnetism on other object like iron
steel , nickel etc
MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE=they are imaginary
lines in magnetic field .They start from north
pole and end in a south pole

COULOMBS LAWS=IT states that the forces between

the magnetic pole is directly proportional to the product
of the pole strength and inversely propoprtional to the
square of the distance between them
fα(m1m2)\r^2
F=k(m1m2)\r^2
K=μ\4π
μ=μr.μ0
μr=Relative permeability
μ0=Permeability of the free space
• MAGNETIC FLUX=It is the no of magnetic field
lines passing through the given area of the coil. It is
the equal to the product of the area of the
coil(A)and the component of the magnetic flux
density (B)
• Φ=BACOSǾΦ=BAcosǾ

• THE magnetic PROPERTIES

• Magnetic permeability
• Intensity of magnitization
• Magnetic susceptibility
• Dia para and ferro magnetic substance
 • PARA MAGNETISM
duce a small magnetic field about themselves.

T CONTAINS UNPAIRED ELECTRON Within atoms

it is having low positive susceptibility

it occur in random pattern and cancel each other

DIA MAGNETISM===== With no external magnetic field present diama

ubstance show no net magnetic moment .
When an external magnetic field is applied diamagnetic shown a
magnetic moment oppose the applied field

EFRRO MAGNETIC SUBSTANCE=When a fefrro magnetic substance come

ontact with a magnetic field the results are strong attraction .it retains mag
ven when the external m,agnetic fields has been removed. eg iron
• FARADAYS LAWS=A change in of magnetic flux
through a circuit causes an electro motive
forcE to be induced in the circuit. THE
magnitude of the induced emf is proportional
to the rate of change of magnetic field and the
area of the circuit

• LENZ’SLAWS= The induced emf is in such a

direction that it always opposses the change
of magnetic flux which induced the emf .
• Lets φ be the magnetic flux linked with a coil
of N turns and the induced emf (e)is given by
• E=-dφ\dt
• SELF INDUCTOION= In a single coil ,if there is a
change in the magnetic flux an emf will be
induced in the same coil
• Consider a coil of N turns ,carring a currrent of I
.let φ be the magnetic flux linked with the coil
thenφ αI
• Induced emf,e=dφ\dt
• E-di\dt
• e=-ldi\dt
• L=constant callred coefficient of self inductance
• UNIT IS henry
 • MUTUAL INDUCTION
• When two coil are placed very closed to each
other the magnetic flux change in one coil
induces the emf in the other coil .this
phenomenon is called mutual induction
• Unit is henry
MISS Shweta chaturvedi
Bmit 1st year
School of allied health science
Sharda university