CE – 516

Construction Methods,
Planning and Estimates

Engr. Danilo L. De Asis, ACPE

Special Lecturer
 Course Learning Outcomes

• Understand the construction project cycle from inception,

planning, execution, testing and certification.
• Understand construction project requirements such as permits
and licenses, clearance, and compliance to all applicable laws
and ordinances, etc;
• Read and interpret construction plans, working drawings, and
revise contract documents, estimates and technical
• specifications;
Prepare and update construction schedule and work programs;
• Understand construction methods, equipment, materials and
• manpower control;
Understand the existing local labor laws and regulations.

CE 516 – Construction Methods Planning 1 st Semester, SY

 Course Outline and
Timeframe
Week 1 - Requirement in Estimating Bill of Materials and
Preliminary Construction Works (Including
Week 2 Earthworks)
- Concrete Works : Estimates and Construction
Methods
Week 3 - Steel Works : Estimates and Construction Methods
Week 4 - Masonry Works and Mill Works : Estimates
and Construction Methods
Week 5 - Form Works and False Works : Estimates and
Construction Methods
Week 6 - Roofing Materials : Estimates and
Week 7 Construction Methods
- Plumbing Pipes and Fixtures : Estimates and
Construction Methods
Week 8 - Building Finishes : Estimates and
Week 9 -Construction
MIDTERMMethods
EXAMINATION

CE 516 – Construction Methods Planning 1 st Semester, SY

 Course Outline and
Timeframe
Week 10 - 11 - Determination of Duration Per Item of Work
Week 12 - 13 - Preparation of Detailed Unit Price Analysis
Week 14 - 17 - Construction Planning/Scheduling
Week 18 - FINAL EXAMINATION

CE 516 – Construction Methods Planning 1 st Semester, SY

 Grading System
Attendance - 5%
Laboratory Output - 30%
Long Quiz - 15%
Midterm Exam - 25%
Final Exam - 25%

WARNING:
Anybody who will be caught cheating will
automatically get a grade of 5.0

CE 516 – Construction Methods Planning 1 st Semester, SY

 Laboratory Output
Each student will be required to prepare and submit a
construction methodology, detailed estimates including
duration of every item of works and construction
schedule of a two (2) storey building.

CE 516 – Construction Methods Planning 1 st Semester, SY

 Requirement in Estimating Bill of
Materials
1. Construction/Working
•Drawing
Exterior Perspective drawing of the building
• Site Development Plan or Plot Plan
• Vicinity Map or Location Plan
• Floor Plan/s
• Elevation/s
• Transverse and Longitudinal Sections
• Foundation Plan, Details of Posts/Column, Footings, Masonry/Reinforce
Concrete Walls
• Floor Framing Plan/s, Details of Beams, Girders and RC Slabs
• Roof Framing Plans, Details of Rafters and/or Trusses
• Plumbing Plan, Diagram and Details of Septic Vault, Catch Basins, etc.
• Reflected Ceiling Plan/s
• Finishing Details
2. Construction Specifications and
Methodology

CE 516 – Construction Methods Planning 1 st Semester, SY

 Stake Out Survey/Laying out
- is the process of interpreting construction plans and marking the location of
proposed structure. It is performed to ensure that dimensions on the plan is properly
transferred to the ground.
Stakes and Batter Boards
Approx. 1.5 x
Length of Excavation

Approx. = Length of
Excavation

Approx. 1.5 x Width

of Excavation Approx. = Width
of Excavation

CE 516 – Construction Methods Planning 1 st Semester, SY

 Earthwork Related Item of Works

Excavation – is the process of removing

earth to form a cavity in the ground, it may
be carried out manually or mechanized.

Backfill – is the process of putting soil back

into the a trench or foundation once
excavation has been completed and the
desired structure is already in-placed.

Embankment – refers to a volume of

earthen material that is placed and
compacted for the purpose of raising the
grade above the level of the existing
surrounding ground surface.

CE 516 – Construction Methods Planning 1 st Semester, SY

 Estimating Earthworks
Excavatio
n:
Volume of Excavation; VE
VE = Footing Width X Footing Length X Depth of Excavation X
No.=of1.0
Footings
m X 1.20 m X
1.20 mm
= 5.76 X 34

Backfill:
Volume of Backfill; VB
VB ={ Volume of Excavation of Each Footing – [Volume
Occupied by the Footing + Volume X of
1.30
the X No. of
Embedded
= Column] Footings
{1.44 – [(1.20m X 1.00m X 0.35m) + (0.20m X 0.40m X
0.85)]
= {1.44X –1.30 X 4 + (0.068)]} X 1.30 X 4
[(0.42)
= 4.95
m 3
Embankmen
Volume
t: of Embankment;
VEmV = Area requiring Embankment X Thickness of
Em
Embankment X 1.30X 1.30
= 12m2 X 0.40m
= 6.24 m3

CE 516 – Construction Methods Planning 1 st Semester, SY

 Estimating Concrete Volumes
Volume for Slab;
VSLAB
VSLAB = Width of Slab X Length of Slab X
Thickness
= SW XofSLSlab
X ST
CL CW
LB
Volume for Beam;
VBeam
VBeam = Width of Beam X Depth of Beam X
DB
SL Length
= Wof Beam
B X DB X
SW
WB LB
Volume for Column;
ST
VColumn
VColumn = Width of Column X Length of Column X
Height
= of
CWColumn
X CL X CH
CH

Volume for Wall

Footing; VWFof WF X Length of WF X Thickness of WF
VWF = Width
= WFW X WFL X
WFT

WFW
WFL
FT
Volume for Footing;
WFT
FW FL VFooting
VWF = Width of Footing X Length of Footing X
Thickness of Footing
= FW X F L X F T

CE 516 – Construction Methods Planning 1 st Semester, SY

 Materials in Concrete
Concrete – is a composite materials composed of fine and coarse aggregates
bonded together with a cement paste that hardens over time.

Kinds of
Ceme
1. Portland – defined as a hydraulic cement produced by pulverizing
nt
clinker, consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, and
usually containing calcium sulphate as an interground addition.

Types of Portland
Cement
1. Type I – the most widely used portland cement for buildings and is
also the least costly. It reaches its full strength after 28 days.

2. Type II – a moderate heat portland cement used for large concrete

pours where less heat is desired during concrete set.

CE 516 – Construction Methods Planning 1 st Semester, SY

 Types of Portland
Cement
3. Type III – is a high early strength portland cement which gives
more strength before 28 days.
4. Type IV – low heat portland cement like Type II that releases less
heat during the concrete set.
5. Type V – a sulphate resisting portland cement. This is the most
expensive cement.
2. Pozzolan – defined as a hydraulic cement consisting of a mixture of
Portland cement and definite amounts of natural and artificial
pozzolanic materials like volcanic tuff, shales, clay, fly ash, blast
furnace, slug and burnt clay.
Types of Pozzolan
Cement
1. Type P – used in general construction where high initial strength of
the concrete before 28 days is not required.
2. Type 1P – is an early strength cement and is required for more
critical concrete works.
Proportions of Concrete
Probable
Class of
Cement, Sand & Gravel by Volume Strength after
Concrete
28 days
10.46 bags of cement
AA 1 : 1-1/2 : 3 0.42 cu. m. of sand 4000 – 3500 psi
0.84 cu. m. of gravel
7.85 bags of cement
A 1:2:4 0.42 cu. m. of sand 3000 – 2500 psi
0.84 cu. m. of gravel
6.49 bags of cement
1 : 2-1/2 : 5
B 0.44 cu. m. of sand 2000 – 1500 psi
0.87 cu. m. of gravel
5.49 bags of cement
1:3:6
C 0.44 cu. m. of sand 1000 – 500 psi
0.89 cu. m. of gravel
4.82 bags of cement
1 : 3-1/2 : 7
D 0.45 cu. m. of sand less than 500 psi
0.91 cu. m. of gravel
 Sample Estimate for Concrete
Materials
Estimate the materials to be used for concreting the
footing shown in the drawing. Assume that the
concrete strength requirement is 3500 psi.
Volume of Concrete; VCF
VCF = 1.20 X 1.00 X
0.35
=X 4X
1.68 - Allowance for wastage for members
1.10 without forms
= 1.848
m 3
Estimating the materials:
Cement: = Volume of Concrete X
Cement=Factor
1.848 m3 X 10.46
bags/m 3
= 19.33 say 20
bags
Sand: = Volume of Concrete X Multiplying
Factor
= for Sand m3 X 0.42
1.848
m3/m0.77
=
3

m3
Gravel: = Volume of Concrete X Multiplying
Factor=for1.848
Gravelm3 X 0.84
m3/m1.55
= 3

m3

CE 516 – Construction Methods Planning 1 st Semester, SY

Reinforcing
Steel Bars Steel Bar Designations and their Equivalent
English and Metric Size (Diameter)

Bar English Metric

Designation Size (Diameter) Size (Diameter)
No. 2 1/4” 8mm
No. 3 3/8” 10mm
No. 4 1/2” 12mm
No. 5 5/8” 16mm
No. 6 3/4” 20mm
No. 8 1” 25mm
No. 10 1-1/4” 32mm
No. 12 1-1/2” 40mm
No. 16 2” 50mm
Reinforcing Standard End
Steel Bars Hooks 90 Degree
180 Degree Hook
D Hook
Bar Size
(mm) A or G
J (mm) A or G (mm)
(mm)
#8 50 100 65 125
#10 60 150 80 150
#12 80 175 105 200
#16 100 200 130 250
#20 135 250 180 375
#25 155 275 205 425
#28 240 375 300 475
#32 275 425 335 550
#36 305 475 375 625
#40 400 675 500 725
#50 500 850 600 900

Source: Barlines Rebar Detailing Standards in

the Philippines
Reinforcing
Steel Bars

Stirrups and Tie Hook Dimensions

135° Hook (Seismic
135° Hook
90° Hook Stirrups)
Bar Size D (mm) A or G
(mm) Hook A or G H Approx. Hook A or G H Approx.
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

10 40 105 105 65 110 80

12 50 115 115 80 115 80
16 65 155 140 95 140 95
20 120 355 230 135 230 135
25 155 410 270 155 270 155

Source: Barlines Rebar Detailing Standards in

the Philippines
Determining the Length of Bars for Simply
Supported Beam TOTAL LENGTH OF CONTINUOUS BARS

OVERALL SPAN OF BEAM OR GIRDER

CONTINUOUS TOP BARS

x x

CONTINUOUS BOTTOM BARS

COLUMN
x = Depth of the Beam – (2 x COLUMN
Concrete Cover)

Size/Diameter of Formulas for Calculating the

Longitudinal Bar Straight Length of Longitudinal
Bars
12mm (1/2”) Bar Straight Length = Beam Overall
Length + 0.30m
16mm (5/8”) Bar Straight Length = Beam Overall
20mm (3/4”) Bar StraightLength
Length+ 0.35m
= Beam Overall
Length + 0.45m
25mm (1”) Bar Straight Length = Beam Overall
Length + 0.55m
Determining the Length of the Short Bars for Simply
Supported Beam
x + Col. Width + L/4 x + Col. Width + L/4

L/4 L/4

x x

L/5 L x 0.60 L/5

COLUMN COLUMN

(Clear Distance Between Support) L

Size/Diameter of Formulas for Calculating the

Longitudinal Bar Straight Length of Longitudinal
Bars
12mm (1/2”) Short Bar Length = Column Width + L/4 +
16mm (5/8”) Short Bar Length = 0.15m
Column Width + L/4 +
20mm (3/4”) Short Bar Length = 0.20m
Column Width + L/4 +
25mm (1”) 0.25m
Short Bar Length = Column Width + L/4 +
0.30m
Determining the Length of Bars for
Continuous Beam TOTAL LENGTH OF BEAM OR GIRDER

OVERALL SPAN OF BEAM OR GIRDER

x x

COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN

L1 + Col. Width + X (L1 + L2) + Col. Width (L2 + L3) + Col. Width L3 + Col. Width + X
4 4 4 4

x x

L1 X 0.60 L2 X 0.60 L3 X 0.60

COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN
L1 L2 L3
Estimating Stirrups for Concrete Beams or
Girders BEAM WIDTH
Length of Stirrup; LS
LS = [Beam Depth – (2 x Concrete Cover)] x 2
+ [Beam Width – (2 x Concrete
Cover) x 2]

CONCRETE COVER
+ (2 x Y)
Y
Stirrups and Tie Hook
BEAM DEPTH

Dimensions 135° Hook (Seismic

135° Hook
90° Stirrups)
Hook
Bar Size D (mm) Hook A H Hook A H
A or G
(mm) or G Approx. or G Approx.
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

10 40 105 105 65 110 80

12 50 115 115 80 115 80
CONCRETE COVER 16 65 155 140 95 140 95
20 120 355 230 135 230 135
25 155 410 270 155 270 155

Source: Barlines Rebar Detailing Standards in

the Philippines