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Balance of Payment
Objectives of the Chapter
• Definition
• Components of BOP
• Factors Affecting International Trade Flows
• Correcting BOT
• DFIs by US Firms
• DFIs in US
• Factors affecting DFIs
• Factors affecting International Portfolio Investment
• Agencies Help correcting BOP
Definition
“A balance of payments (BOP) sheet is an accounting record of
all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the
world”. Sloman, John (2004)
• Current Account
• Capital Account
b) Factor Income
c) Unilateral Transfers
Balance of Trade (BoT)
Interest
• Aids
• Grants
• Gifts
Capital Account
b) Portfolio Investment
c) Other Capital
Foreign Direct Investment
“An investment abroad, usually where the company
being invested in is controlled by the foreign
corporation”.
• Land
• Building
• Existing plant
Statistical Discrepancy
• It represents errors due to unrecorded transactions
involving smuggling and other capital
• Inflation
• National Income
• Government Restrictions
• Exchange Rates
HIGH INFLATION
• Tariffs
• Quotas
EXCHANGE RATES
Solution
i. If export price becomes attractive
ii. Floating rate may correct the deficit
iii. Trade deficit may experience an stable currency
i. If export price becomes attractive
It means
When more supply of home currency for sale
The value of its currency will decrease
This decrease will encourage more foreign demand of home made
products
Therefore CA will increase
There may be
Till the time countries become aware about the cheap product
• Inflow Outflow
Correcting BOP
When all components of the BOP sheet are included
• It must balance
• It must sum to zero
• There can be no overall surplus or deficit.
Eg: - If a country imports more than it exports
- It’s trade balance will be in a deficit
But It has to be balanced
By running down reserves or by receiving loans
from other countries.
Lets rename it the imbalance of payments
and announce its normal….
The Official Reserve Account
“It is the foreign currency and securities held by the
Govt.”
• Total 1.260651
IBRD
• Established in 1944
• Structural Adjustment Loan (SAL) in 1980
• It spread its funds through co-financing:
Official Aid Agencies
(projects)
Export credit agencies
Commercial Banks
Correcting BOP Problems
Roberts, Richard (1999)
Note: Improving productivity and competitiveness can also help to enhance the
exports through other means BUT
It is generally assumed that a nation is always trying to develop and sell its
products to the best of its abilities.