 DONE BY:

 Marthad abdolmonem 044065

 Mohammed ahmed osman 054054
 Suhail mohammed khairi 044035
 Rughem osman karfis 014026
TURBINE CONTROL
 At power plants with fossil fuel coordination
working mode consist several hierarchical
organized regulation levels.
Main purpose of coordination control is to secure
that system boiler-turbine-generator in
automatic pressure control behave like one
entity. For that purpose is necessary to integrate
multitude different regulation circuit into one
structure called main controller. This regulator
must control two main control signals:
 • steam pressure at boiler output (boiler
following mode)
• electrical power at generator output
(turbine following mode)
Main regulator is containing
two regulation contour
 Dependency which regulation contour
(boiler or turbine load) control substantial
control signals (steam pressure or electrical
power) we determine two coordinated
working mode:
• boiler load control – control boiler thermal
load, that is coal quantity which have to
distribute over mills and convey to boiler
burning place.
• turbine load control – controlled value is
turbine valve position, placed between super
heaters and turbine height pressure chamber
and determine steam flow to turbine moving
blade.
 Which of these two mode will be in use
depend of many parameters, but in basic
starts from idea: for control value (pressure
or power) which have to change quickly and
frequently usually using turbine load
controller. Boiler load regulation is more
required than turbine load controller by
reason of complicated combustion process in
boiler.
 Combustion process in burning place have
big time constants and many disturbances:
coal or air shortage in burning place,
failure equipment in plant, inferior water
supply at boiler,...
 From that reasons boiler load control usually
used for values which needed stay constant
for a long time without frequent set point
changing. Turbine is relative fast executive
object related to boiler and that characteristic
determine turbine usage possibility this
objects in coordinated working mode.
 Main controller in boiler coordination mode
(figure 1) contain pressure regulator, which
generate thermal load as output and power
regulator which control position of turbine
valves.
 Pressure regulator have to preserve reference
pressure during disturbance such as
changing coal calorific value or changing
position of turbine valves.
 Coal calorific value representing quantity of
thermal energy released during complete
combusting a unit mass of fuel. This value is
variable and depend of fuel grade
 Operation mode of steam turbine depends on the
control concept that is implemented on steam
power plant. Unit's power is generally controlled
by manipulating of steam flow through turbine.
Turbine's steam flow depends on steam pressure
and size of input area through which steam
enters turbine. This area is manipulated (control)
by position of turbine's control valves. Therefore,
there are two operational modes (in general):
 - mode with constant pressure in front of
turbine where turbine's pressure is controlled
by changing control valves position and
 mode with sliding pressure in front of
turbine, where control valves are maintained
at some constant position (for example 80 or
100% opened). In such case steam pressure is
controlled by boiler control loops (by
manipulating coal feeders).
Very closely related to this operational modes
are so called "control concepts"

Concept of "boiler leading" means that steam

pressure in front of turbine is controlled by
control valves (constant) while power output
setpoint is associated with boiler controller
that manipulate coal firing.
 On the other side, there is "turbine leading"
concept in which, power output setpoint is
associated by control valves and therefore
every demand in power is immediately
followed by changing of control valves
position. Then, steam pressure is controlled
by boiler.
 *note that this concept is not fully "sliding
mode" because, control valve position is not
constant, but this concept is usually called
sliding pressure mode, because steam
pressure is changing and boiler pressure
controller needs to adapt to these changes.
 Constant pressure implies stable pressure
of the steam generator and main steam line
over the unit’s load range. Meanwhile, the
basic nature of a simple, rotating turbine is to
require less pressure as load and flow rate
are reduced, and if the main steam pressure
is limited to only that required for each load,
this mode is referred to as pure sliding
pressure.
 However, when we speak generally of
“sliding pressure,” we often mean modified
sliding pressure, as shown in Figure 2. This
mode has a limited amount of pressure
throttling to provide a modest amount of
fast-response load reserve. A unit under
constant pressure will have significant load
reserve at any reduced load, due to its
significant pressure throttling or the
availability of admission valve(s).
 By opening the throttle valve or an admission
valve, the pressure in the turbine and steam
generator move toward equalization. The sudden
reduction of pressure in the steam generator
prompts an instantaneous expulsion of steam
mass due to the increase in a specific volume of
steam within the confines of the system, and it
provides a temporary load increase even before
the fuel-handling and -firing system can be
loaded to support any sustained higher load.
Pure sliding-pressure operation does not offer
this kind of load or frequency response and is
therefore generally not practiced.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR (AVR)
 A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator
designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level.
 It may use an electromechanical mechanism,
or passive or active electronic components.
Depending on the design, it may be used to
regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
 With the exception of passive shunt
regulators, all modern electronic voltage
regulators operate by comparing the actual
output voltage to some internal fixed
reference voltage.
 Any difference is amplified and used to
control the regulation element in such a way
as to reduce the voltage error. This forms a
negative feedback control loop; increasing
the open-loop gain tends to increase
regulation accuracy but reduce stability
(avoidance of oscillation, or ringing during
step changes).
 There will also be a trade-off between
stability and the speed of the response to
changes. If the output voltage is too low
(perhaps due to input voltage reducing or
load current increasing), the regulation
element is commanded, up to a point, to
produce a higher output voltage - by
dropping less of the input voltage, if the
output voltage is too high, the regulation
element will normally be commanded to
produce a lower voltage.
 However, many regulators have over-current
protection, so that they will entirely stop
sourcing current (or limit the current in some
way) if the output current is too high, and
some regulators may also shut down if the
input voltage is outside a given range.
Operation of AVR linked to Generators:

AVR is linked with the main stator windings and

the exciter field windings to provide closed loop
control of the output voltage with load
regulation.
In addition to being powered from the main
stator, the AVR also derives a sample voltage
from the output windings for voltage control
purposes. In response to this sample voltage, the
AVR controls the power fed to the exciter field,
and hence the main field, to maintain the
machine output voltage within the specified
limits, compensating for load, speed,
temperature and power factor of the generator.
 A frequency measuring circuit continually
monitors the generator output and provides
output under-speed
protection of the excitation system, by
reducing the output voltage proportionally
with speed below a pre-settable threshold.
 Potential Divider and Rectifier takes a
proportion of the generator output voltage
and attenuates it. This input chain of
resistors includes the range potentiometer
and hand trimmer which adjust the generator
voltage. A rectifier converts the a.c. into d.c.
for further processing.
 The Amplifier (Amp) compares the sensing
voltage to the Reference Voltage and
amplifies the difference (error) to
provide a controlling signal for the power
devices. The Ramp Generator and Level
Detector and Driver infinitely control the
conduction period of the Power Control
Devices and hence provides the excitation
system with the required
power to maintain the generator voltage
within specified limits.
The Stability Circuit provides adjustable
negative ac feedback to ensure good steady
state and transient performance of the
control system.

The Low Hz Detector measures the period of

each electrical cycle and causes the reference
voltage to be reduced approximately linearly
with speed below a presettable threshold.
 The Synchronising circuit is used to keep the
Ramp Generator and Low Hz Detector locked
to the generator waveform period.
 The Low Pass Filter prevents distorted
waveforms affecting the operation of the
AVR.
 Power Control Devices vary the amount of
exciter field current in response to the error
signal produced by the Amplifier.
 Suppression components are included to
prevent sub cycle voltage spikes damaging
the AVR components and also to reduce the
amount of conducted noise on the generator
terminals.
The Power Supply provides the required
voltages for the AVR circuitry.
THE END