Chapter 2 Primitive Data Types and Operations

Chapter 2 Primitive Data Types and
Operations
Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0
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Objectives
 To write C++ programs to perform simple calculations
(§2.2).
 To read input from the keyboard using the cin object
(§2.3).
 To simplify programming by omitting the std:: prefix
(§2.4).
 To use identifiers to name variables, constants, functions,
and classes (§2.5).
 To use variables to store data (§§2.6-2.7).
 To program with assignment statements and assignment
expressions (§2.7).
 To use constants to store permanent data (§2.8).
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Objectives (cont.)
 To declare variables using numeric data types (§2.9).
 To use operators to write numeric expressions (§2.9).
 To convert numbers to a different type using casting
(§2.10).
 To represent character using the char type (§2.11).
 To become familiar with C++ documentation,
programming style, and naming conventions (§2.13).
 To distinguish syntax errors, runtime errors, and logic
errors (§2.14).
 To debug logic errors (§2.15).
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Example Program
Listing 2.1: Computing the Area of a
Circle
This program computes the area of the
circle.
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animation
Trace a Program Execution

allocate memory
#include <iostream>
for radius
int main() {
radius no value
double radius;
double area;
// Step 1: Assign radius

radius = 20;
// Step 2: Compute area

area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
// Step 3: Display the area

std::cout << "The area is ";
std::cout << area << std::endl;
}
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animation

#include <iostream> memory
int main() { radius no value

double radius; area no value
double area;
// Step 1: Assign radius allocate memory

radius = 20; for area


}
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animation

assign 20 to radius
#include <iostream>
int main() { radius 20

double radius;
double area; area no value

radius = 20;


}
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animation

#include <iostream> memory

double radius;
double area;
area 1256.636

radius = 20; compute area and assign
it to variable area

}
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animation

#include <iostream>
memory
double radius;
double area; area 1256.636
// Step 1: Assign in radius

radius = 20;
print a message to the
console

}
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Reading Input from the
#include <iostream> Keyboard
] int main() {
double radius;
double area;
// Step 1: Input radius

std::cout << “Please enter radius.” << std::endl;
std::>> radius;

// Step 3: Display the area Run

ComputeArea1
}
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Omitting the std:: Prefix
 You have noticed that std::cout, std::endl, and
std::cin all start with std::.
 std means the standard namespace. C++ divides the
world into “namespaces” to resolve potential
naming conflicts.
 std::cout means that cout belongs to the standard
namespace.
 To avoid typing “std::”:
– add the statement: using namespace std;
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#include <iostream>
Omitting the std::
using namespace std;
Prefix (cont.)
int main() {
double radius;
double area;
// Step 1: Input radius

cout << “Please enter radius.” << endl;
cin >> radius;


cout << "The area is ";
cout << area << endl;
}
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Identifiers
 An identifier is a sequence of characters that
consists of letters, digits, and underscores (_).
 An identifier must start with a letter or an
underscore. It cannot start with a digit.
 An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See
Appendix A, “C++ Keywords,” for a list of
reserved words.)
 An identifier can be of any length, but your C++
compiler may impose some restriction. Use
identifiers of 31 characters or fewer to ensure
portability.
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Variables
// Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
std::cout << area;
// Compute the second area

radius = 2.0;
std::cout << area;
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Declaring Variables
int x; // Declare x to be an
// integer variable;
double radius; // Declare radius to
// be a double variable;
char a; // Declare a to be a
// character variable;
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Assignment Statements
x = 1; // Assign 1 to x;
radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius;

a = 'A'; // Assign 'A' to a;
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Declaring and Initializing
in One Step
 int x = 1;
 double d = 1.4;
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Named Constants
const datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;
const double PI = 3.14159;

const int SIZE = 3;
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Numerical Data Types
Name Synonymy Range Storage Size
short short int –215 (-32,768) to 215–1 (32,767) 16-bit signed
unsigned short unsigned short int 0 to 216–1 (65535) 16-bit unsigned
int –231 (-2147483648) to 231–1 (2147483647) 32-bit signed
unsigned int unsigned 0 to 232–1 (4294967295) 32-bit unsigned

signed
long long int –231 (-2147483648) to 231–1 (2147483647) 32-bit signed
unsigned long unsigned long int 0 to 232–1 (4294967295) 32-bit unsigned
float Negative range: 32-bit IEEE 754
-3.4028235E+38 to -1.4E-45
Positive range:
1.4E-45 to 3.4028235E+38
double Negative range: 64-bit IEEE 754
-1.7976931348623157E+308 to -4.9E-324
Positive range:
4.9E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E+308
long double Negative range: 80-bit
-1.18E+4932 to 3.37E-4932
Positive range:
3.37E-4932 to 1.18E+4932
Significant decimal digits: 19
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sizeof Function
You can use the sizeof function to find the size of a type.
For example, the following statement displays the size of
int, long, and double on your machine.
cout << sizeof(int) << " " << sizeof(long) << " " <<
sizeof(double);
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Synonymous Types
 short int is same as short.
 unsigned short int is same as unsigned short.
 unsigned int is same as unsigned.
 long int is same as long.
 unsigned long int is same as unsigned long.
 E.g.,
short int i = 2;
is same as
short i = 2;
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Numeric Literals
A literal is a constant value that appears directly

in a program. For example, 34, 1000000, and 5.0
are literals in the following statements:
int i = 34;
long k = 1000000;
double d = 5.0;
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What Are floating-point?
 The float and double types are used to represent
numbers with a decimal point.
 Why are they called floating-point numbers?
 These numbers are stored in scientific notation.
 When a number such as 50.534e+1 is converted
into scientific notation such as 5.0534, its
decimal point is moved (i.e., floated) to a new
position.
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Numeric Operators
Name Meaning Example Result
+ Addition 34 + 1 35
- Subtraction 34.0 – 0.1 33.9
* Multiplication 300 * 30 9000
/ Division 1.0 / 2.0 0.5
% Remainder 20 % 3 2
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Integer Division
+, -, *, /, and %
5 / 2 yields an integer 2.
5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5
5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)
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Remainder Operator
3%2=1
8%2=0
33 % 2 = 1
Suppose today is Saturday and you and your

friends are going to meet in 10 days. What day is
it in 10 days? You can find that day is Tuesday
using the following expression:
Saturday is the 6th day in a week
A week has 7 days
(6 + 10) % 7 is 2
The 2nd day in a week is Tuesday
After 10 days
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Your Turn: Displaying Time
Write a program that obtains hours and
minutes from seconds.
DisplayTime Run
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Overflow
When a variable is assigned a value that is
too large to be stored, it causes overflow. For
example, executing the following statement
causes overflow, because the largest value
that can be stored in a variable of the short
type is 32767. 32768 is too large.
short value = 32767 + 1;

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Underflow
When a variable is assigned a value that is too
small to be stored, it causes underflow. For
example, executing the following statement causes
underflow, because the smallest value that can be
stored in a variable of the short type is -32768.
-32769 is too small.
short value = -32769;
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Arithmetic Expressions
3  4 x 10( y  5)(a  b  c) 4 9 x
  9(  )
5 x x y
is translated to
(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)
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Your Turn: Converting Temperatures
Write a program that converts a Fahrenheit degree
to Celsius using the formula:
celsius  ( 95 )( fahrenheit  32)
FahrenheitToCelsius Run
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Shorthand Assignment Operators
Operator Example Equivalent
+= i += 8 i = i + 8
-= f -= 8.0 f = f - 8.0
*= i *= 8 i = i * 8
/= i /= 8 i = i / 8
%= i %= 8 i = i % 8
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Increment and
Decrement Operators
Operator Name Description
++var preincrement The expression increments by 1 and
evaluates to the new value in var after
the increment.
var++ postincrement The expression (var++) evaluates to the
original value in var and increments var
by 1.
--var predecrement The expression (--var) decrements var by
1 and evaluates to the new value in var
after the decrement.
var-- postdecrement The expression (var--) evaluates to the
original value in var and decrements var
by 1.
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Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
int i = 10; Same effect as
int newNum = 10 * i++; int newNum = 10 * i;
i = i + 1;
int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * (++i); i = i + 1;
int newNum = 10 * i;
13225445X 34
Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
Using increment and decrement operators

makes expressions short, but it also makes
them complex and difficult to read. Avoid
using these operators in expressions that
modify multiple variables, or the same
variable for multiple times such as this:
int k = ++i + i.
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Numeric Type Conversion
Consider the following statements:
short i = 100;
long k = i * 3 + 4;
double d = i * 3.1 + k / 2;
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Conversion Rules
When performing a binary operation involving two operands of different
types, Java automatically converts the operand based on the following rules:
1. If one of the operands is long double, the other is converted into

long double.
2. Otherwise, if one of the operands is double, the other is
converted into double.
3. Otherwise, if one of the operands is float, the other is converted
into float.
4. Otherwise, if one of the operands is unsigned long, the other is
converted into unsigned long.
5. Otherwise, if one of the operands is long, the other is converted
into long.
6. Otherwise, if one of the operands is unsigned int, the other is
converted into unsigned int.
7. Otherwise, both operands are converted into int.
13225445X 37
Type Casting
Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)
Explicit casting
int i = static_cast<int>(3.0);
(type narrowing)
int i = (int)3.9;
(Fraction part is truncated)
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NOTE
Casting does not change the variable being cast.
For example, d is not changed after casting in the
following code:
double d = 4.5;
int i = static_cast<int>(d); // d is not changed
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Example: Keeping Two Digits After
Decimal Points
Write a program that displays the sales tax with two
digits after the decimal point.
SalesTax Run
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Character Data Type
char letter = 'A'; //(ASCII)
char numChar = '4'; //(ASCII)
NOTE: The increment and decrement operators can

also be used on char variables to get the next or
preceding character. For example, the following
statements display character b.
char ch = 'a';
cout << ++ch;
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Read Characters
To read a character from the keyboard, use
cout << "Enter a character: ";

char ch;
cin >> ch;
13225445X 42
Escape Sequences for Special Characters
Character Escape Sequence Name ASCII Code
\b Backspace 8
\t Tab 9
\n Linefeed 10
\f Formfeed 12
\r Carriage Return 13
\\ Backslash 92
\' Single Quote 39
\" Double Quote 34
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Appendix B: ASCII Character Set
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f
13225445X 44
ASCII Character Set, cont.
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f
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Casting between char and
Numeric Types
int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int)'a';
char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;
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Numeric Operators on Characters
The char type is treated as if it is an integer of the byte size. All numeric operators
can be applied to char operands. A char operand is automatically cast into a
number if the other operand is a number or a character. For example, the following
statements
int i = '2' + '3'; // (int)'2' is 50 and (int)'3' is 51

cout << "i is " << i << endl; // i is decimal 101
int j = 2 + 'a'; // (int)'a' is 97
cout << "j is " << j << endl;
cout << j << " is the ASCII code for character " <<
static_cast<char>(j) << endl;
Display
i is 101
j is 99
99 is the ASCII code for character c
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Note
 The ASCII number for lowercase letters are consecutive
integers starting from the code for 'a', then for 'b', 'c', ...,
and 'z'.
 The same is true for the uppercase letters. Furthermore, the
ASCII code for 'a' is greater than the code for 'A'. So 'a' -
'A' is the same as 'b' - 'B'.
 For a lowercase letter ch, its corresponding uppercase letter
is
static_cast<char>('A' + (ch - 'a')).
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Example:
Computing Loan Payments
This program lets the user enter the interest
rate, number of years, and loan amount and
computes monthly payment and total
payment.
loanAmount  monthlyInterestRate
1 1
numberOfYe ars12
(1  monthlyInterestRate )
Compute Loan Run
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Example: Monetary Units
This program lets the user enter the amount in

decimal representing dollars and cents and output
a report listing the monetary equivalent in single
dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies.
Your program should report maximum number of
dollars, then the maximum number of quarters,
and so on, in this order.
ComputeChange Run
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Trace ComputeChange
Suppose amount is 11.56
int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100); remainingAmount 1156
// Find the number of one dollars
int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100; remainingAmount
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;
initialized
// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount
int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25;
// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount

int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;
13225445X 51
animation
Trace ComputeChange
int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100; numberOfOneDollars 11
// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount numberOfOneDollars

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; assigned



13225445X 52
animation
Trace ComputeChange

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; remainingAmount
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25; updated



13225445X 53
animation
Trace ComputeChange

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; numberOfOneQuarters 2
// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount numberOfOneQuarters

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10; assigned


13225445X 54
animation
Trace ComputeChange

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; numberOfQuarters 2

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10; remainingAmount
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10; updated


13225445X 55
Example: Displaying Current Time
Write a program that displays current time in GMT in the
format hour:minute:second such as 1:45:19.
/* ctime example */
#include <iostream>
#include <time.h>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
time_t rawtime;
time ( &rawtime );
cout << "The current local time is:"<< ctime (&rawtime);
return 0;
}
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Programming Style and
Documentation
• Appropriate Comments
• Naming Conventions
• Proper Indentation and Spacing Lines
• Block Styles
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Chapter 2 Primitive Data Types and

Trace a Program Execution

// Step 1: Assign radius

// Step 2: Compute area

// Step 3: Display the area

Trace a Program Execution

int main() { radius no value

// Step 1: Assign radius allocate memory

// Step 2: Compute area

// Step 3: Display the area

Trace a Program Execution

int main() { radius 20

// Step 1: Assign radius

// Step 2: Compute area

// Step 3: Display the area

Trace a Program Execution

int main() { radius 20

// Step 1: Assign radius

// Step 3: Display the area

Trace a Program Execution

// Step 1: Assign in radius

// Step 3: Display the area

// Step 1: Input radius

// Step 2: Compute area

// Step 3: Display the area Run

// Step 1: Input radius

// Step 2: Compute area

// Step 3: Display the area

// Compute the second area

radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius;

const double PI = 3.14159;

short short int –215 (-32,768) to 215–1 (32,767) 16-bit signed

unsigned short unsigned short int 0 to 216–1 (65535) 16-bit unsigned

int –231 (-2147483648) to 231–1 (2147483647) 32-bit signed

unsigned int unsigned 0 to 232–1 (4294967295) 32-bit unsigned

A literal is a constant value that appears directly

Name Meaning Example Result

- Subtraction 34.0 – 0.1 33.9

* Multiplication 300 * 30 9000

/ Division 1.0 / 2.0 0.5

5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)

Suppose today is Saturday and you and your

short value = 32767 + 1;

short value = -32769;

(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

int i = 10; Same effect as

Using increment and decrement operators

1. If one of the operands is long double, the other is converted into

NOTE: The increment and decrement operators can

cout << "Enter a character: ";

\' Single Quote 39

\" Double Quote 34

char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;

int i = '2' + '3'; // (int)'2' is 50 and (int)'3' is 51

This program lets the user enter the amount in

// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount

// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount numberOfOneDollars

// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount

// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

(3+4x)/5 – 10(y-5)(a+b+c)/x + 9(4/x + (9+x)/y)