DIELECTRIC POWER FACTOR and DIELECTRIC

LOSS
• When a voltage is applied across a perfect dielectric, there is no
dielectric loss because of the existence of an induced capacitance
current Ic located 90 degree ahead of the voltage. But, in practice,
since a perfect dielectric cannot be achived, there is small current
that is ini phase with voltage.

• When an AC V(L-N) voltage is applied across the effective cable

capacitance, the power loss in the dielectric is
• This is larger than dielectric power loss if the applied voltage is DC.
The total dielectric loss, consisting of dielectric hysteresis loss and the
power loss due to leakage current flowing can be measured by means
of the Schering bridge. For a balanced three phase circuit, the
dielectric loss at rated voltage and temperature is

Effective Conductor Resistance

The factors that determine effective AC resistance of each cinductor of a cable are
DC resistance, skin effect, proximity effecy, sheath loss, and armor losses if there is.

DC Resistance
The DC resistance of a conductor is
Skin Effect
skin effect is present because the magnetic flux linkages of current near the center of the
conductor are relatively greater than the linkages of current flowing near the surface of
conductor.
Skin effect is a function of conductor size, frenquency, and the relative resistance of the
conductor material. It is increases as the conductor size and the frequency uncreas. It
decreases as the material’s relative resistance decreases.
The effective resistance of a conductor

Proximity Effect
The proximity effect is quite similar in nature to the skin effect. An increase in resistance is
present due to nonuniformity in current density over the conductor section caused by
magnetic flux linkages of current in the conductors. The result is crowding of the current in
both conductors toward the portions of the cross sections that are immediately adjacent to
each other.
 SHEATH CURRENTS IN CABLES
• The flow of ac currents in the conductors of single-conductor cables induces
ac voltages in the cable sheaths. When the cable sheaths are bonded
together at their ends, the voltages give rise to sheath currents and I2R losses
occur in the sheath. These losses are taken into account by increasing the
resistance of the relevant conductor. The increase in conductor resistance is

• Sheaths of single conductor cables may be operated SC or OC. If the sheaths

are SC, they usually bonded and grounded are every manhole and it
decreases the sheath voltages to zero but allows the flow of sheath currents.
• These are various techniques of operating with the sheaths OC:
a. When a ground wire is used, one terminal of each sheath section is bound
to the ground wire and the other terminal is left open.
b. With cross bonding, connections are made between the sheaths (as shown
in figure). So that only the sheats are transposed electrically.

c. With the impedance bonding, the impedances are added in each cable
sheath to limit sheath currents to predetermined values without eliminating
any sequences currents.
d. With bonding transformers.
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SEQUENCE REACTANCE
a. Single conductor cables
• When sheath currents are present can be determined as

b. Three conductor cables

ZERO SEQUENCE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE

The return of the zero sequence currents flowing along the phase conductoes of
three phase cable is either the ground ot the sheaths or the parallel combination of
the both ground and sheaths
a. Three conductor cables
1. Assume that there is no return current flowing in the sheath and it is totally in the ground.
2. Consider only ground return path and sheath return path but not the composite conductor