 Direct oxygen injection of steel making saves

time of a heating of a 100-200 ton less than

one hr.
 First Design : A large steel tank operating at
30bar with a system of piping & valves
controlled automatically to control oxygen.
 Drawback : It is costly.
 Second design : In the cryogenic process
itself
 Basic Principle: The process cycle must
vaporize an above average demand, they
include extra vaporizer condenser capacity &
the cycle include buffer ( accumulator) tank
operating at cryogenic temperature.
 Version A: When oxygen demand is at upper
limit LOX is pumped from buffer tank to the
sump of upper column & vaporized in main
condenser vaporizer
 When oxygen demand decreases LIN is
pumped from LIN buffer tank to the upper
reflux plate which will increase refrigeration
capacity which will decrease vaporization
capacity of LOX. Excess LOX produced will
send to LOX buffer tank.
 Drawback : Buffer tanks are out side the main
cold box which require extra insulation,
maintenance,
 24 hr successful tests were carried out.
 Same basic principle.
 Extra capacity for main condenser, LOX buffer
tank & liquid air tank is supplied but a
separate column.
 LIN is replaced by LIAR
 Its contents are produced by taking a portion
of main process air boosting it to a high
pressure & then passing through a auxiliary
vaporizer.
 When there is need of oxygen LOX vaporized
at prescribed pressure & exits the plant from
main exchanger.
 There is a series of oxygen blows &
subsequent series level variations in oxygen
accumulator tank.
 In thermodynamics the exergy of a system is
the maximum useful work possible during
a process that brings the system in to
equilibrium with a heat reservoir .
 Exergy is the energy that is available to be
used. After the system and surroundings
reach equilibrium, the exergy is zero.
 Determining exergy was also the first goal
of thermodynamics.
 . Reversing exchangers can be more cost
effective for smaller production rate nitrogen
or oxygen plants. In plants utilizing reversing
heat exchangers, the cool-down of the
compressed air feed is done in two sets of
brazed aluminum heat exchangers.
 In the "warm end" heat exchangers, the incoming air
is cooled to a low enough temperature that the water
vapor and carbon dioxide freeze out onto the walls of
the heat exchanger air passages. At frequent
intervals, a set of valves reverse the duty of the air
and waste gas passages. After a passage in the heat
exchanger is switched from incoming air cooling to
waste gas warming service, the very dry, partially-
warmed waste gas evaporates the water and sublimes
the carbon dioxide ices that were deposited during
the last air cooling period. These gases return to the
atmosphere, and after they have been fully removed,
the passage is return to incoming air cooling service