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(Note: All the mentioned tables in this course refer to, unless otherwise specified, Low
Voltage Electrical Installation Handbook, by Johnny C.F. Wong, Edition 2004)
(Textbook Chapter 7)
1
Introduction
3 Approaches
– Combined protection against both Direct & Indirect Contact
– Protection against Direct Contact
– Protection against Indirect Contact
2
Combined Protection against Both
Direct & Indirect Contact
By Separated Extra-Low Voltage (SELV) System
– It is extra-low voltage system without connection to earth
3
Protection against Direct Contact
By Insulation of Live Parts
By Barriers or Enclosures
By Obstacles
By Placing out of Reach
Refer to Fig. 7.5 for illustration
4
Protection again Indirect Contact
BS7671 (IEE Wiring Regulations) stipulates 5
methods of protection against indirect contact:
1. Protection by earthed equipotential bonding and automatic
disconnection of supply (EEBADS)
2. Protection by Class II equipment or by insulation
equivalent
3. Protection by non-conducting location
4. Protection by earth-free local equipotential bonding
5. Protection by electrical separation
5
Protection again Indirect Contact
IEC61140 classifies methods of protection into 4 types:
6
SELV
7
Reduced Low Voltage System
55V
55V
8
Reduced Low Voltage System
9
EEBADS
Earthed Equipotential Bonding & Automatic
Disconnection of Supply (EEBADS)
– An established practice in Hong Kong
– Earthed Equipotential Bonding
• TT - when l.v. supply is given directly by the supply company
• TN-S - allowed only when the supply transformer is owned by the
consumer
• Equipotential Bonding - to create an equipotential zone within reach,
and all equipotential zones should be bonded to each other
– Automatic Disconnection of Supply
• Purpose - to limit duration and magnitude of the touch voltage
(voltage that arises between simultaneously accessible exposed and
extraneous conductive parts)
10
EEBADS (Cont’d)
– Protective device can be
• overcurrent protective device (e.g. MCBs, MCCBs, fuses, etc)
• residual current device (in socket outlets and where prospective earth
fault current is insufficient for prompt operation)
11
Terms for Earthing and Protective Conductors
exposed conductive parts extraneous conductive parts
A1 A2
gas pipes, water
B1 B2 pipes, lightning down
circuit supplementary
conductor, A/C ducts, etc
protective equipotential
conductor bonding
(cpc) main
equipotential
main bonding
earthing
terminal earthing conductor
earth electrode
12
EEBADS (Cont’d)
– Exposed conductive parts & Extraneous conductive parts
(refer to Fig. No. 11(1) of CoP)
– Refer to Fig. 7.7 for installation component illustration
– Earth fault loop impedance, Zs = Z1 + Z2 + ZE
where Zs = earth fault loop impedance
Z1 = phase conductor impedance
Z2 = CPC impedance
ZE = earth fault loop impedance external to the
installation
For max. permissible Zs, please refer to CoP’s Tables 11(8) to
11(14) for different types of protective device.
13
Touch Voltage, Vt
Refer to Fig. 7.8 for symbols and illustration
Earth fault current, Ia = Uo/(Z1+Z2+ZE)
Vt = Ia Z2 = Z2 Uo/(Z1+Z2+ZE)
Generally, the max. disconnection time should not exceed
those indicated in fig. 7.4 for the particular Vt involved,
E.g. Z1 = 0.3Ω, Z2 = 0.6Ω, ZE = 0.5Ω
Ia = Uo/(Z1+Z2+ZE) = 220 / (0.3+0.6+0.5) = 157 A
Vt = Ia Z2 = Z2 Uo/(Z1+Z2+ZE) = 157 x 0.6 = 94.2 A
From Fig. 7.4, in order to avoid danger, the max. disconnection
time is 0.34 s
14
Touch voltage
Fig. 7.8 Z2
Vt U0
Z1 Z 2 Z E
Extraneous
Conductive
parts
15
General requirement for touch
voltage
However, if the circuit complies with the specific
requirements as laid down by the IEE Regulations or
the CoP (see the following discussion), the general
requirements for touch voltage are deemed to be
complied.
16
EEBADS according to COP (see
Table 7.14)
Socket Outlet Circuits
– must be protected by a residual current device
– must satisfy I n Z s 50V
– Refer to Table 7.5 or CoP’s Table 11(14)
Fixed Equipment used inside Equipotential Zone
– Disconnection time in case of earth fault within 5 sec.
Fixed Equipment Circuits outside Equipotential Zone
or inside Bathroom
– Disconnection time in case of earth fault within 0.4 sec.
17
EEBADS according to COP
Installation supplied from Overhead Line System
- must be protected by RCD and, I n Z s 50V
18
Calculation of circuit impedance
Refer to Tables 7.15 to 7.17
For cable sizes > 35 mm2, reactance is taken into
account
An average earth fault temperature of (70+160)/2 =
115oC is assumed for PVC copper cables used as CPC
19
Size of Protective Conductor
Method 1: Refer CoP’s Table 11(2), or
Method 2: Refer CoP’s Tables 11(3) to 11(7)
Method 2: By using formula, I 2t
S
K2
where S = CSA of protective conductor
I = earth fault current
t = disconnection time
k= a factor taking account of the resistivity,
temperature coefficient and heat capacity of the conductor
material, and the appropriate initial and final temperatures.
Values of k are given in Table 7.20
20
Types of Earthing Systems
TN-S System
21
Types of Earthing Systems
TT System
22
Types of Earthing Systems
Combined TT & TN-S System
23
Electric Shock Protection in Locations
Containing a Bath or Shower
Is of hazardous areas
In case of earth fault, equipment need disconnecting
within 0.4 s, except that supplied from SELV
Local supplementary equipotential bonding is required
for those parts simultaneously accessible with
extraneous-conductive-parts and/or other exposed-
conductive-parts.
Every switch or other means of electrical control
should be inaccessible to a person using the facilities.
24
Electric Shock Protection in Locations
Containing a Bath or Shower
Lampholder within a distance of 2.5m from the bath or
shower cubicle should be constructed of or shrouded in
an insulating material.
25
Electric Shock Protection in Locations
Containing a Bath or Shower
Divided into 4 zones, see Fig. 7.17A & B
26
To Bond or Not to Bond
To bond, one has to determine if the following 2
conditions are fulfilled together:
27
Extraneous Conductive Parts ?
28