PHYSICS ENGINEERING

EFFECT OF TRANSESTERIFICATION
TIME ON THE RESULT OF WASTE
COOKING OIL CONVERSION TO
BIODIESEL
BACKGROUND
WASTE COOKING CONTAINS :
• Carcinogenic substances
• Has a high number of triglycerides
• Has high viscosity
PROBLEMS
• What is the effect of reaction time using variation of molar ratio and
number of catalysts to the resulting biodiesel conversion?
• How is the optimum condition of biodiesel produced from cooking oil
obtained from three different sources?
RESEARCH PURPOSES
• Determine the effect of time on biodiesel conversion based on
variation of molar ratio and number of catalyst to obtain optimum
variable,
• and use optimum variable to know the optimum condition of
biodiesel produced from three different types of cooking oil source
• Obtain test result of biodiesel characteristic based on SNI.
SCOPE OF PROBLEMS
• This research uses variations of three types of raw materials of cooking oil
obtained from the restaurant catfish, fried sellers, and household used
• Variation variables used in the transesterification process include the molar
ratio of oil and methanol, the amount of catalyst, and the variation of
reaction time.
• The parameters in the analysis of the characteristics of the resulting
biodiesel product include the measurement of density, viscosity, acid
number, moisture content, pH, and analysis of biodiesel composition using
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine functional groups.
Esterification
• Esterification is the conversion stage of free fatty acids to esters.
Esterification reacts fatty oil with methanol. The catalyst used in
esterification is a strong acidic substance, such as sulfuric acid
(H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl).
• Waste cooking Oil + Methanol ↔ Metil Ester + water
Transesterification
• Transesterification is a process that reacts triglycerides in vegetable
oils or animal fats with methanol and alkaline catalysts to produce
fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or biodiesel and glycerol as
byproducts.
• Waste cooking oil + Methanol ↔ Metil Ester + Glycerol
Analysis of raw materials of waste cooking oil
Source of raw Acid number FFA (%) Density (kg/m3) Viscosity (cSt) Water content
material (%)
Catfish restaurant 1.8346 1.3394 924.1 64.41 1.328
Household used 0.8222 0.8754 980.1 60.96 1.415
Seller of fried 1.1011 1.0049 965.1 50.36 1.476

FFA <2% then transesterification process can be done. And the minimum moisture content is obtained by
waste cooking of restaurant catfish.
Effect of time on biodiesel conversion
90
90
Ratio Molar 1:3
80
80
Ratio Molar 1:3
70
70
Ratio Molar 1:6
60
Conversion (%)

60

Conversion (%)
50 Ratio Molar 1:6
50
Ratio Molar 1:9
40
40
30 Ratio Molar 1:9

Ratio Molar 1:12 30

20
20
10 Ratio Molar 1:12
Ratio Molar 1:15 10
0
0 60 90 120 150 0
Ratio Molar 1:15
Time (minutes) 0 60 90 120 150
Time (minutes)

Conversion Relation to Reaction Time Based on Molar Ratio Variation With Amount of (a) NaOH Catalyst
0.75%, (b) NaOH Catalyst 1%
Effect of number of catalysts on conversion of
biodiesel at optimum reaction time
88.00

86.00

84.00

82.00

Conversion (%)
80.00

78.00
0.75% 1%
76.00

74.00

72.00

70.00

68.00
60
Time (minutes)

• On the use of 1% catalyst resulted in a larger conversion of 85.26%

• Optimum variables are 1: 6 molar ratio, 1% NaOH catalyst, and 60 min reaction time
 Conversion of biodiesel produced from three
types of waste cooking oil
85.5 85.26
85
84.5
CONVERSION(%)
84
83.5
83
82.3433 82.2037
82.5
82
81.5
81
80.5
60
TIME (MINUTES)
Pecel Lele Rumah Tangga Penjual Gorengan

Biodiesel produced from catfish restaurant has a bigger conversion is 85.26%, while biodiesel from WCO of
household used is 82.34% and biodiesel from WCO of fried seller is 82.20%. This is due to the water content
in raw materials obtained from household and fried seller is bigger.
Analysis of Biodiesel Results Using Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FTIR)

Area(cm-1) Wave number Characteristic Cluster

WCO Biodiesel

3500 -3300 3331.07 3466.08 Absorption OH

2850 -2750 2735.06 2852.72 Absorption C-H

1300 - 1000 1170.79 1168.86 C-O uptake indicating

the presence of an
ester
Analysis of Biodiesel Results Using Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FTIR)
• In analyzing the IR spectra, a review of the major functional groups of
biodiesel constituents, such as hydroxyl groups (O-H), and C-H uptake
in organic compounds. OH uptake is present in an area of 3500-3300
cm-1. Esther gave rise to strong and strong C-O uptake at 1300-1000
cm-1. While C-H has a weak and sharp intensity at 2850-2750 cm-1.[15]
The biodiesel spectrum analysis of WCO household and raw materials
containing cluster characteristics based on wave values are presented
in Table 4
Analysis of Biodiesel Results Using Gas
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Biodiesel Characteristics Generated By Three
Sources of Raw Materials
Characteristic
Oil Name Acid number Density (kg/m3) Viscosity (cSt) Water content PH the biodiesel produced by the three types of
Catfish 0.2704 880 5.18 0.03 7 WCO obtained from different sources in the
restaurant
synthesis process using amount of 1% NaOH
Household 0.2769 880 4.95 0.05 7 catalyst, molar ratio of oil and methanol 1: 6,
used
and in reaction time of 60 minutes.
Seller of 0.2775 880 4.47 0.01 7
fried

SNI Maks. 0.8 850 - 890 2.3 – 6.0 Maks. 0.05 7-8
Standard

The three biodiesels have water content respectively are 0.03, 0.05 and 0.01, and
have a neutral acid pH is 7. The biodiesel also has an acid number of 0.27, a
density of 880 kg/m3, and a viscosity below 6.0 cSt. In this experiment, it can be
concluded that the biodiesel produced is in accordance with SNI 04-7182-2006
standard
Conclusion

• Optimum variables obtained are molar ratio of oil and methanol of 1:

6, number of catalyst NaOH 1% and reaction time 60 minutes.
• Conversion of biodiesel produced from three kinds WCO obtained
from different sources include catfish seller of 85.26%, household
used of 82.34%, and 82.20% are fried sellers.
• Characteristics of biodiesel produced from the three kinds of WCO
have fullfilled the SNI standards which include density, viscosity, acid
number, moisture content, and PH.