Course : CIVL6080-Construction Methods & Heavy Equipment

Effective Period : September 2017

Foundation

Session 9 - 10
 Acknowledgement

These slides have been adapted from:

Peurifoy, R.L., Schexnayder, C.J., Shapira, A., &

Schmitt, R. (2010). Construction Planning,
Equipment, and Methods. 07. McGraw Hill. New
York. ISBN: 978-0073401126.

Chapter 22
 Learning Objectives

• Students are able to apply which foundation is suitable

in a specific civil engineering project based on the
specification of the project
 Outline

• Introduction
• Shallow foundation
• Deep foundation
• Classification of piles
• Hammers
• Types of pile hammers
• Positioning piles during
driving

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 Introduction
A foundation is a sub -structure that
transfers loads from upper-structure to the
earth without causing :
- shear failure at the soil, and
- excessive foundation’s settlement
Foundations are generally broken into two
categories: shallow foundations and deep
foundations.

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 Shallow Foundations

Shallow foundations are usually

placed within a depth D beneath the
ground surface less than the minimum
width B of the foundation.
Shallow foundations consist of
spread and continuous footings,
wall footings and mats.
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 Types of Shallow Foundations

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 Deep Foundations
Deep foundations can be as short as 6m or as long as 60 m
or more and may consist of driven piles, drilled shafts or stone
columns.

Deep foundations may be designed to carry

superstructure loads through poor soil (loose
sands, soft clays, and collapsible materials) into competent bearing
materials.

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 Classification of Piles

Piles can be classified on the basis

of either their use or the
materials from which they are
made.
On the basis of use, there are two
major classifications: (1) sheet
and (2) load bearing.
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 Sheet Pile
• Sheet piles are used primarily
to create a rigid barrier for
earth and water.
• Typical uses include cutoff
walls under dams, and for
cofferdams, bulkheads, and
trenching
• Timber sheet piles, prestressed
concrete sheet piles & steel
sheet piles

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 Load Bearing Piles

Load-bearing
piles, as the
name implies, are
used primarily to
transmit
structural loads

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 Pile Type

• Timber Pile : - treated with preservative

- untreated
• Concrete Pile : - Precast-prestressed
- Cast-in-place with shells
- Augered cast-in-place
• Steel Pile : - H section
- Steel pipe
• Composite Pile : - Concrete and steel
- Plastic with steel pipe core

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 Timber Pile

Timber piles are made from the trunks

of trees. Such piles are available in most sections
of the country and the world.

Ordinary lengths are 15 to 45 ft

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 Concrete Pile

• Concrete piles may be either

precast or cast-in-place
• Precast piles  prestressed /
post tensioned
• Cast in place  augered cast
in place pile &
temporary/permanent casing
cast in place pile

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 Steel Pile

• Load-bearing steel
piles can be H
sections, hollow
box or tubular
sections, or pipes.
• Suitable for piles
driven to great
depth

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 Composite Pile

Several types of composite piles are

available. These are usually developed
and offered to meet the demands of
special situations.
Two of the most common situations that
cause problems, when conventional piles
are used, are hard driving conditions and
warm marine environments.

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 Bored Pile
Bored pile is another type of reinforced concrete pile which
is used to support high building which has heavy vertical load.
Bored pile is a cast-in-place concrete pile where the bored piles
have to be cast on construction site, while other concrete piles like
Spun Pile and Reinforced Concrete Square Pile are precast
concrete pile which they’re cast in the factory.

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 Bored Pile
• Normally bored piling has be to carried on those tall buildings or
massive industrial complexes, which require foundations which can
bear the load of thousands of tons, most probably in unstable or
difficult soil conditions.
• Bored piling is cast by using bored piling machine which has
specially designed drilling tools, buckets and grabs, it’s used to
remove the soil and rock.
• Normally it can be drilling into 50metres depth of soil. The
advantage of bored piling is its’ drilling method, little vibration and
lower noise level.

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 Bored Pile Method

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 Bored Pile Method

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 Bored Pile Method

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 Bored Pile Method

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 Bored Pile Method

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 Pile Hammers

• Variable subsurface
conditions can dictate the
use of different pile hammers.
• The function of a pile hammer
is to furnish the energy
required to drive a pile

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 Type of Pile Hammers
• Drop
• Single-acting steam or compressed air
• Double-acting steam or compressed air
• Differential-acting steam or compressed air
• Diesel
• Hydraulic - impact and drivers
• Vibratory drivers

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 Drop Hammer

• A drop hammer is a heavy metal weight that is

lifted by a hoist line, then released and allowed to
fall onto the top of the pile.
• Because of the high dynamic forces, a pile cap is
positioned between the hammer and the pile
head.
• Pile cap serves to uniformly distribute the blow to
the pile head and as a shock absorber.
• Hammer weight = 0.5 – 2 times pile weight
• Max drop height = 15 ft for timber pile, 8 ft for
concrete pile
• Suitable for use in remote project and for project
where time of completion is not an important
factor  4-8 blows/minute

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 Single – acting Hammer
• These hammers rely solely on
gravity acting on the striking
weight to achieve their driving energy.
• The a freely falling weight, called a
“ram” that is lifted by steam or
compressed air
• Drop height = 1 – 5 ft
• 40 – 60 blows/minute
• Hammer weight ≈ weight of pile

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 Double – acting Hammer
• With double-acting hammers, the striking ram is
driven by compressed air or
steam both when rising and when falling.
• Thus, with a given weight of ram, it is possible to
attain a desired amount of energy per blow with a
shorter stroke than with a longer single-acting
hammer

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 Differential – acting Hammer
• A differential-acting air is a modified single-acting
hammer in that the air or steam pressure used to lift
the ram is not exhausted at the end of the upward
stroke but is valved over the piston to accelerate the
ram on the downstroke
• Can drive a pile in 1 ½ time required by the same size
single acting hammer

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 Diesel Hammer
• A diesel pile-driving hammer is a self-contained driving unit
that does not require an external source of energy such as an
air compressor or steam boiler.
• The downstroke of the ram compresses air and fuel to ignition
heat and the resulting explosion drives the pile downward and
the ram upward to repeat its stroke.
• Open-end diesel hammer  40 – 55 blows/minute
• Closed-end diesel hammer  75 – 85 blows/minute
• Performs well in cohesive or very dense soil layer
• Normal soil condition  ratio of ram weight to weight of pile
plus cap = 1:2 – 1.5:1
• May not operate well into soft ground

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 Diesel Hammer

1. Raise the piston to

start.
2. Injection of diesel
fuel and
compression.
3. Impact and
explosion.
4. Exhaust ports
exposed and gases
escape.
5. Draws fresh air
through the
exhaust ports.

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 Hydraulic – Impact Hammers
• There is a trend toward the use of hydraulic hammers. A
hydraulic hammer operates on the differential pressure
of hydraulic fluid instead of compressed air or steam.
• Develop 140 tons of pressing or extracting force, are
compact, make minimal noise, and cause little vibration
• Suitable for areas where there is restricted overhead
space, piles can be driven in short length
• Type of hydraulic-impact hammer:
– Hydraulic drop hammer
– Double acting hydraulic hammer  50 – 60
blows/minute

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 Positioning Piles During
Driving
• When driving piles, it is necessary to have a method
that will position the pile in the proper location with
the required alignment or batter and that will support
the pile during driving.

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 Positioning Piles During
Driving
• Fixed leads have a pivot point at
the crane’s boom top and a brace at
their bottom that attaches to the
crane.
• Fixed leads offer good control of the
pile position and keep the pile in
correct alignment with the hammer
so that eccentric impacts are
minimized.

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 Positioning Piles During
Driving
• Swing leads  leads that are not attached at
their bottom to the crane or driving platform
• The leads and hammer are held by separate
lines from the crane.
• Allowing the driving rig to position a pile at a
further location
• However it is more difficult to position the pile
accurately and to maintain vertical alignment
during driving

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 Positioning Piles During
Driving
• Many times a template is used
to support and hold the pile in the
proper position during driving.
• Templates are usually
constructed from steel pipe or
beams and may have several
levels of framing to support long
piles or piles on a batter.

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 Handling Piles
• Care must be exercised to prevent damage to the pile
from flexural stresses.

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 References

• Peurifoy, R.L., Schexnayder, C.J., Shapira, A., &

Schmitt, R. (2010). Construction Planning, Equipment,
and Methods. 07. McGraw Hill. New York. ISBN: 978-
0073401126. Chapter 22.