construction and materials

Submitted to – AR . AMIT SINGH

submitted by –SURAJ SINGH
 CERAMICS dated back to at least 24000 bc.
Flourished in upper Egypt about 8000 bc.
 In the middle ages, when the metal industry was
still in infancy, ceramics were the widly used
materials
 The industrial revolution was born , when
synthetic materials with better resistance to high
temperature called (refectories) were developed
in 16 th centaury .
 Which created the necessary condition for
melting metals and glass on industrial scale as
well as cement ,chemicals ceramics
 There was one major development occurred
in the second half of the 19 th centaury , when
ceramics materials were actually used for
electrical insulation purposes were
developed
 as another inventions ,came on the scene
including auto-mobiles radios televisions ,
computers ceramics and glass materials were
needed to help these became reality ,as shown
in the following timeline
Main composition are
 FELDSPAR (around 60%)

 ALUMINIUM SILICATES

 ALKALI OR ALKALI EARTH METALS.

 -CLAYS are basically divided in two types .
 1. PRIMARY CLAY
usually found in same place as the
feldspar from which it is originated.
-is relatively rare and has particular properties
with which potters must work (pure
materials)earthen clay ( the kind from the
ground ,which is often glazed/sealed ..and
fired in liln with very high heat after air-
drying ) (less plastic)
 Absorbs more water compared to the
secondary type of clay .
 - SECONDRY CLAY
 -have been transported by wind ,water or
both from their place of formation
- are far more abandunt and tend to be easier
to form and fire
- polymer clay is oil based (not water based
and air dry like most other clays) ,so it has no
water to lose and can t dry and pretty
impervious to water (higher plasticity)
 It is pretty impervious to water
 BENDING RESISTANCE
 HIGH HARDNESS
 HIGH DEGREE RESISTANCE TO MOISTURE
 RESISTANCE TO IMPACT AND ABRASSION
 EXCLLENT RESISTANCE TO CHEMICAL
ATTACK
 TEMP UP TO 2400 DEGREE CELCIUS
 CAN BE DESIGNED IN VARIOUS PATTERNS
 -DURABLE
Extremely hard
- Last 10 -20 yrs and longer

- Handle extreme of heat and cold very well

 EASY TO CLEAN

- strain resistant
- hygienic ,not absorbs liquids ,does not
retain the residues and smell vacuum and use
damp mop
 DESIGN OPTIONS
 -modern manufacturing techniques allow
ceramics producers to make materials which can
be printed in numerous ways .
 COST –

- relatively inexpensive
- Usually one time investment
- Long lasting
- Cheaper than hard wood
 high scratch resistance
 Resistance to burns
 HARD
 WEAR RESISTANCE
 BRITTLE
 REFACTORY
 THERMAL INSULATER
 ELECTRICAL INSULATER
 NON MAGNETIC
 OXIDATION RESISTANT
 PRONE TO THERMAL SHOCK
 CHEMICAL STABLE
 TERACOTTA
 STONEWARE
 FIRECLAY
 EARTHWARE
 ROOFING
 PROCELAIN
 VITERIOUS CHINA
 This is a type of earthenware
,is a clay –based unglazed or
glazed ceramic where the
fired body is porous.
 Uses include flower pots
,water and waste water pipes
,bricks and surface
establishments in building
construction.
 Natural brown orange colour
 Faience ;glazed form of terracotta or stoneware
 -fired to the biscuit condition and then glazed
before refiring
 Aternatively,unfired faience may be glazed and
once fired
 Once fired ; a process which improves resistance to
crazing of glazed glass while reducing the range of
clour
 When water can penetrate ,crystallization of salt
and frost action will cause failure ,thus faience
with low water absorption as it is resistant to frost.
 TERACOTTA (USES)
 Easy to clean
 6crazing of interior products collect grime
 Suitable for in ground use to carry pressurized
water
 Garden ware
 Oil container
 Ovens
Stone ware is a vitreous (glass )or semi vitreous
made primarily from stoneware clay or non
refractory fire clay

Stoneware is fired at high

Temperature and it is
 Nonporous
 Art ware
 Chemical ware
 Cookware
 Drainpipe
 Kitchen pipe
 Table pipe
 tile
 IN fire clay is a type of clay that is able to
withstand intense heat
 It is suitable for making articles which will
not melt ,nor even preceptly soften when
exposed to a high temp
 Made of alumina and silica
 SINK
 BATH TUB
 TILES
 CRUCIBLES
 FIRE BRICKS
Earthen ware is also called low fired clay
because it is normally matured at low temp
Finer than stoneware
Porosity ,high water absorption 5-8%
Must be glazed to prevent water absorption
Small cracks in glaze is permeable to water
There are basically two kind of earth ware
cream ware
tin glazed
 A special type of clay either white or grey , to
which kaolin (a white firing stiff clay )and
white china stone (finely decayed granite
,washed and prepared as small white blocks
)is added
 Primary components – clays feldspar or flint
and silica
 Mixture of clay ,feldspar and quartz which is
molded ,glazed and baked at extremely high
temperature
 Material which is strong ,non pours and
impervious to absorption
 The word vitreous means glass like .
 Makes ordinary ceramics look like shiny and
maintaining and strengthening their
durability
 There are basically three types of ceramic
based production
 1 – glazed
 2- mosiac
 3-quarry
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