UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND

MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING DESIGN II
FME 461
PART 9
GO NYANGASI
November 2008

1
DISTORTION ENERGY
THEORY
A THEORY OF FAILURE
APPLICABLE TO DUCTILE
MATERIALS

2
 STATEMENT OF THE THEORY

1) When Yielding occurs in any material,

2) The distortion strain energy per unit
volume
3) At the point of failure
4) Equals or exceeds
5) The distortion strain energy per unit
volume
6) When yielding occurs in the tension
test specimen.
3
 DISTORTION ENERGY THEORY
• Is based on yielding
• Applies to ductile materials

4
 STRAIN ENERGY AT A
LOCATION OF THE ELEMENT
• SEGREGATED INTO THREE CATEGORIES:
1) Total strain energy per unit volume of the
stressed element, arising from the three
principal stresses
2) Strain energy per unit volume arising from the
hydrostatic stress that causes change of
volume only, and which is uniform in all three
directions
3) Strain energy per unit volume arising from
stresses causing distortion of the element, and
this can be expressed as the difference
between category (1) and (2).
5
 THREE DIMENSIONAL STRESS
• General Case y

y

 yx
 yz  xy
 zy
x
 zx  xz
x

z

6
TRI-AXIAL STRESS SITUATION

1

3

2

7
 ELASTIC STRESS-STRAIN
RELATIONS
• UNI-AXIAL STRESS
• This is the case of a single principal
stress
• Principal strains are then given in terms
of principal stresses by the expressions
in next slide

8
 ELASTIC STRESS-STRAIN
RELATIONS: Uni-Axial stress
The variables are:
1) Principal strain in the direction of the
principal stress
2) Poisson’s ratio for the material
3) Modulus of elasticity for the material
4) Principal stress
1 1 1
1  ,  2   ,  3  
E E E
9
 Uni-Axial Stress
One dimensional (Normal/Shear)

1

1

10
 ELASTIC STRESS-STRAIN
RELATIONS: Bi-Axial stress
• In this case the stress situation consists of
two principal stresses,
• The strains[1] are given by in terms of the
two principal stresses as shown in next
slide
[1] Mechanical Engineering Design;
Shigley, Joseph, pg 124, McGraw Hill,
Seventh Edition, 2004

11
 STRAINS IN BI-AXIAL STRESS
• Stress situation consists of two principal
stresses and strains are given by the
expressions

 1   1   2 ,
1
E
 2   2   1 ,
1
E
 3     1   2 
1
E
12
 Bi-Axial Stress
Two Dimensional (Plane)

2
1

1

2

13
 ELASTIC STRESS-STRAIN
RELATIONS
• Tri-Axial Stress
• This is the case of three principal stresses
• The most general case
• Three strains in the directions of the
principal stresses
• Given by in terms of the three principal
stresses as shown in next slide

14
STRAINS IN TRI-AXIAL STRESS
• Strains are given by the expressions

1   1    2   3 
1
(1)
E
 2   2    1   3 
1
(2)
E
 3   3    1   2 
1
(3)
E
15
 Tri-Axial Stress
Three Dimensional stress

2

1

3

16
ENERGY PER UNIT VOLUME Tri-
Axial Stress
• Total strain energy
• The total strain energy is the strain energy
caused by the three principal stresses. It is
given by the expressions
•

1 1 1
U   1 1   2 2   3 3
2 2 2
17
 TOTAL STRAIN ENERGY
• Substituting for elastic strains
 1   1    2   3 
1
(1)
E
 2   2    1   3 
1
( 2)
E
 3   3    1   2 
1
(3)
E
Yields the Total strain energy in terms of stresses

U
1
2E
 
 12   2 2   3 2  2  1 2   2 3   1 3 
18
 Tri-Axial Stress
Three Dimensional stress

2

1

3

19
 STRAIN ENERGY DUE
HYDROSTATIC STRESS
• Hydrostatic stress is the stress that causes
change of volume only
• Hydrostatic stress may be considered as the
average of the three principal stresses and
derived and expressed as

1   2   3
 av 
3

20
HYDROSTATIC STRAIN ENERGY
• Using the equation for total strain energy
yields an expression for hydrostatic strain
energy:

U
1
2E
 
 12   2 2   3 2  2  1 2   2 3   1 3 

Uv 
1
2E
 
3 av  2 3 av
2 2

3 av 31  2  2
2
Uv  1  2    av
2E 2E
21
HYDROSTATIC STRAIN ENERGY
• Simplifying for hydrostatic strain energy

1   2   3
Substituting  av  int o previous exp ression
3
31  2    1   2   3  31  2 
2

Uv      1   2   3 
2E  3  9 * 2E

Uv 
1  2 
 1   2   3 2

6E
Uv 
1  2  2
 
 1   2 2   3 2  2 1 2   2 3   1 3 
6E

22
 DISTORTION STRAIN ENERGY
• This is the difference between total strain
energy and the hydrostatic strain energy

Ud  U Uv
But Total Strain Energy is

U
1
2E
 
 1 2   2 2   3 2  2  1 2   2 3   1 3 
and Hydrostatic strain energy

Uv 
1  2 2
6E

 1   2 2   3 2  2 1 2   2 3   1 3  
23
 Tri-Axial Stress
Three Dimensional stress

2

1

3

24
 DISTORTION STRAIN ENERGY

• Distortion strain energy

U
1
2E

 1 2   2 2   3 2  2  1 2   2 3   1 3  
Uv 
1  2 2
6E

 1   2 2   3 2  2 1 2   2 3   1 3  
Substituting for U and U v in U d  U  U v yields

Ud 
1
 2

  2   3   1 2   2 3   1 3 
2 2

1
3E
Ud 
1
   2
 2

1   2   2   3  1   3 2

6E
25
 CASE OF SIMPLE TENSION
• When yielding occurs in simple tension test

Pr incipal stresses are

 1  S y ,  2  0, and  3  0
Substituting int o exp ression for distortion energy

Ud 
1 
 
S y  02  0  02  S y  02
6E
Ud 
1 
 
2S y
2

6E
26
 Uni-Axial Stress
One dimensional (Normal/Shear)

1

1

27
 DISTORTION ENERGY THEORY
For the general three dimensional stress situation
• When Yielding occurs in any material,
• The distortion strain energy per unit
volume
• At the point of failure, Equals or exceeds
• The distortion strain energy per unit
volume
• When yielding occurs in the tension test
specimen.
28
 THREE DIMENSIONAL STRESS
WHEN YIELDING OCCURS
• Comparing three dimensional case with simple
tension
When failure by yielding occurs in material

Ud 
1 
   2    2   3    1   3 
2 2 2

1
6E
Equals or exceeds

U d in the tension test specimen 

1 
2S 2

y
6E
When yielding occurs
29
 Tri-Axial Stress
Three Dimensional stress

2

1

3

30
 THREE DIMENSIONAL STRESS
WHEN YIELDING OCCURS
• Equating the two conditions

 1   2    2   3    1   3 
2 2 2
 2S y
2

or
  1   2 2   2   3 2   1   3 2 
   Sy
 2 

31
 EQUIVALENT STRESS
• Left hand side of equation referred to as the
Equivalent, or Von-Mises stress
  1   2 2   2   3 2   1   3 2 
e   
 2 
Equivalent (Von Mises) Stress is then the
significan t stress which is compared to the
Design or Allowable Stress as below
  1   2 2   2   3 2   1   3 2  S y
e   
 2  f .s

32
 APPLICATION OF DESIGN
EQUATION
Principal stresses are
• Determined by stress analysis.
• Stress analysis describes the principal
stresses as a function of
1) Load carried,
2) Geometry and dimensions of the machine
or structural element.

33
 APPLICATION OF DESIGN
EQUATION
Left hand side of design equation
1) Equivalent stress in terms of Loads and
Dimensions of machine or structural
element,
Right hand side of design equation
1) Indicator of strength expressed as
Working, (design, allowable) stress a
function of strength of the material, and
a factor of safety.
34