ON

PRESENTED BY:
MAHIPAL VASNOI.
TUSHAR PAHUJA. SUBMITTED TO :
GAURAV KUMAR.
ISHU NANDI. DR. RAKESH SOHAL
GAURAV GAGAN.
CONTENTS :

1. Acceptance Angle.
2. Acceptance cone.
3. Angle of Propagation.
4. Expression for NA
5. Signal Attenuation Mechanisms
Acceptance angle :
The maximum angle at which light entering the core is
transmitted through the fiber and propagated without being
refracted is know as acceptance angle.

Acceptance cone :
When the incident ray in launching medium is rotated by
360⁰ about the axis of fiber, it makes a cone which is
called acceptance cone.
Angle of Propagation :
When the light signal enters optical fibre at
acceptance angle then it makes an angle with the axis
of core. Therefore,It is the angle between the signal
and axis of the core
Expression for Numerical aperture (NA) of an
optical fibre
Consider a light ray entering from a medium air of refractive index no into the fiber with a core of refractive index n1 which is
slightly greater than that of the cladding n2.
Applying Snell’s law of reflection at point A,

When the TIR takes place, ϕc=θc &θ1=θa

where θc=critical angle and θa= acceptance angle
therefore,
Signal Attenuation Mechanism:

There are three main mechanisms

1. Absorption : Even a highly pure glass absorbs light in

specific wave length regions. Strong electronic
absorption occurs at UV wavelength while vibrational
absorption occurs at IR wavelengths 7 to 12
micrometer. These absorption losses are inherent
property of the glass itself and is called intrinsic
absorption
2. Rayleigh scattering :

Glass is disordered structure having local

microscopic variations in density which in
turn cause local variations in refractive
index. Light propagating through such a
structure suffers scattering losses. It is
known as Rayleigh Scattering
3. Geometric Effects:

These are the fibre losses introduced

during manufacturing process.
Irregularitries in fibre dimensions may
arise in the fibre drawing process, in
coating and cabling process , or in the
installation process
 CONCLUSIONS
Acceptance angle is the maximum angle of a ray(against the fiber
axis) hitting the fiber core which allow the incident to be guided by
the core.
The cone made by the 360⁰ rotation of the incident ray in the
launching medium is known as the acceptance cone
The made with the axis of the core during the formation of the
acceptance angle is known as the angle of propagation.
Numerical Aperture is the capacity absorbing light of the
optical fiber
And its mathematical expression is
There are 3 major mechanism is signal attenuation and are
1.Absorbtion
2.Rayleigh scattering
3. Geometric Effects.