Single-phase Motors

By
Wan Marlina Bt Wan Ahmad
Objectives
• explain the operation principle of single-phase
motors
• explain the development of rotating magnetic
field in single-phase
• identify auxiliary winding and main winding in
split-phase motor( motor fasa belah)
• summarize the types and characteristics for
motors
INTRODUCTION

Types of single-phase motors:

• Induction Motor
– Split phase Fasa Pemisah @ Fasa Terbelah
– Capacitor start Kapasitor Pemula @ Aruhan Penolakan
– Shaded pole Aruhan kutub terteduh
• Universal Motors
• Repulsion Motor Motor Penolakan @ Motor Penukar tertib

• Synchronous motors Motor Segerak

INTRODUCTION

• The single-phase induction machine

is the most frequently used motor for
refrigerators, washing machines,
clocks, drills, compressors, pumps,
and so forth.
OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF
SINGLE-PHASE MOTORS
As soon as the rotor
begins turning, an
electric magnetic field
(emf), E is induced
in the rotor conductors
as they cut the stator
flux s ( see Figure ).
OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF
SINGLE-PHASE MOTORS
• This voltage increases as the rotor speed
increases.
• It causes currents to flow in the rotor bars
facing the stator poles.
• These currents produce an ac flux r
which acts at right angles to the stator
flux s.
OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF
SINGLE-PHASE MOTORS
• Equally important is the fact that r does not reach its
maximum value at the same time as s does. In effect,
r lags almost 90º behind s due to the inductance of the
rotor.
• The combined action of s and r produces a revolving
magnetic field, similar to that in a three phase motor.
• The value of r increases with the increasing speed,
becoming almost equal to s at synchronous speed.
• This explains in part why the torque increases as the
motor speeds up.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROTATING
MAGNETIC FIELD IN
SINGLE-PHASE
• a single-phase source does not produce a
rotating magnetic field.
• Therefore the problems which we find are
that the single-phase motor is not self-
starting and we cannot be sure in which
direction the rotation will take place
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROTATING
MAGNETIC FIELD IN
SINGLE-PHASE
• Therefore we can consider the single-
phase winding is effective to set up two
rotating magnetic fields, equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction.
• If the rotor is moving, it must be moving
in the direction of one of these fields and
rotating in the opposite direction to that of
the other field.
 AUXILIARY WINDING AND MAIN
WINDING IN SPLIT-PHASE
MOTOR
• A split-phase motor is
a single-phase
induction motor with
two stator windings, a
main stator winding
(M) and an auxiliary
starting winding (A).
SINGLE-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE
ROTOR
AUXILIARY WINDING AND MAIN
WINDING IN SPLIT-PHASE
MOTOR
• Figure shows two
windings are set 90º
apart along the stator
of the motor
• the auxiliary windings
is designed to be
switched out of the
circuit at some set
speed by a centrifugal
switch
AUXILIARY WINDING AND MAIN
WINDING IN SPLIT-PHASE
MOTOR
• The auxiliary winding is designed to have a
higher resistance or reactance ratio than the
main winding, so that the current in the auxiliary
winding leads the current in the main winding
• The higher R/X ratio is usually accomplished by
using smaller wire for the auxiliary winding.
• Smaller wire is permissible in the auxiliary
winding because it is used only for starting and
therefore does not have to take full current
continuously.
AUXILIARY WINDING AND MAIN
WINDING IN SPLIT-PHASE
MOTOR
• current in the auxiliary winding leads the current
in the main winding, the magnetic field BA peaks
before the main magnetic field BM.
• Since BA peaks first and then BM there is a net
counterclockwise rotation in the magnetic field.
• In other words, the auxiliary winding makes
one of the opposite rotating stator magnetic
fields larger than the other one and provides a
net starting torque for the motor.
AUXILIARY WINDING AND MAIN
WINDING IN SPLIT-PHASE
MOTOR
the current in the auxiliary
windings always peaks
before the current in the
main winding, and
therefore the magnetic
field from the auxiliary
winding always peaks
before the magnetic field
from the main winding
AUXILIARY WINDING AND MAIN
WINDING IN SPLIT-PHASE
MOTOR
• The direction of rotation of the motor is determined by
whether the space angle of the magnetic field from the
auxiliary winding is 90º ahead or 90º behind the angle
of the main winding.
• Since that angle can be changed from 90º ahead to 90º
behind just by switching the connections on the auxiliary
winding, the direction of rotation of the motor can be
reversed by switching the connection of the auxiliary
winding while leaving the main winding’s connection
unchanged.
CAPACITOR START MOTOR
CAPACITOR START MOTOR
• a capacitor is placed in the series with the auxiliary winding the
motor.

• By proper selection of capacitor size, the magnetomotive force of

the starting current in the auxiliary winding can be adjusted to be
equal to the magnetomotive force of the current in the main
winding, and the phase angle of the current in the auxiliary winding
can be made to lead the current in the main winding by 90º.

• Since the two windings are physically separated by 90º, a 90º phase
difference in current will yield a single uniform rotating stator
magnetic, and the motor will behave just as though it were starting
from a three-phase power source.

• In this case, the starting torque of the motor can be more than 300
percent of its rated value.
CAPACITOR START MOTOR

• Capacitor-start motors are more expensive

than split-phase motors, and they are
used in applications where a high starting
torque is absolutely required.
• Typical applications for such motors are
compressors, pumps, air conditioners and
other pieces of equipment that must start
under a load.
Shaded-pole motors
Shaded-pole motors
Shaded-pole motors
• A shaded-pole induction
motor is an induction
motor with only a main
winding. Instead of
having an auxiliary
winding, it has salient
poles, and one portion of
each pole is surrounded
by a short-circuited coil
called a shading coil (
Figure ).
Shaded-pole motors
• A time varying flux is induced in the poles by the
main winding.
• When the pole flux varies, it induces a voltage
and a current in the shading coil which opposes
the original change in flux.
• This opposition retards the flux changes under
the shaded portions of the coils and therefore
produces a slight imbalance between the two
opposite rotating stator magnetics fields.
• The net rotation is in the direction from the
unshaded to the shaded portion of the pole face
 Shaded-pole motors
• Shaded poles produce less starting torque than any other type of induction
motor starting system.

• They are much less efficient and have a much higher slip than other types
of single-phase induction motors.

• Such poles are used only in very small motors (1/20 hp and less) with very
low starting requirements.

• Where it is possible to use them, shaded-pole motors are the cheapest

design available.

• Because shaded-pole motors rely on a shading coil for their starting torque,
there is no easy way to reverse the direction of rotation of such a motor.

• To achieve reversal, it is necessary to install two shading coils on each pole

face and to selectively short one or the other of them.
UNIVERSAL MOTORS
• The stator and rotor windings of the
motor are connected in series through the
rotor commutator.
• universal motor is also known as an AC
series motor or an AC commutator motor.
• The universal motor can be controlled
either as a phase-angle drive or as a
chopper drive.
UNIVERSAL MOTORS
UNIVERSAL MOTORS
• This type of motor is indentical in principle to the DC
series motor, but a few modifications have been made to
optimize the motor for AC use:
• The cores of the field poles are made from stacks of
laminated sheet metal punchings like you find in
transformers, instead of solid iron.
• This is to reduce the eddy-current losses in the core. In
addition, the slots of the armature are slanted slightly to
reduce AC buzzing and give the motor uniform starting
characteristics regardless of the armature's initial
orientation relative to the field coils.
• This motor happens to be from a vacuum cleaner, but
the design is common to siren motors as well.
UNIVERSAL MOTORS
– Substitutes another field winding for DC motor’s
permanent magnets
– Can be driven by AC or DC (hence "universal")
– High construction complexity
– Low reliability
– Low efficiency
– Poor EMI (brushes create sparks and ozone)
– Driven by rheostat, chopper or phase angle (SCR or
Triac) controllers
– Some degree of sensorless speed control possible
– Good power to weight ratio
UNIVERSAL MOTORS
• Compared with DC
series motors
– Have lower field
reactance
– Small version of DC
series motor
– Can be operated as AC
motor or DC motor
depend on supply
given.
Power to change the motor
Pin = Vs Is Kos θ Watt per-phase

For 3 phase star connection

Pin = 3VLILcosΦ Watt / phase

Mechanical power of synchronous

motor products
Pm = Pin – copper loss
= 3VLILcosΦ – 3 Ia2Ra Watt / phase
summary
• Function of centrifugal switch is to turn of
the supply to auxilliary winding when rotor
reach 70-80 % of it rated speed
• Single-phase supply will produce pulsating
stationary field in stator( not rotating
magnetic field)
• Universal motor can be operated by using
AC or DC supply