Arithmetic

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 Number Systems
• Natural & Whole numbers
• Integers & Fractions
• Rational & Irrational numbers
• Prime & Composite numbers

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 Divisibility Rules
A number is divisible by 2 if …
• That number is an even
number (the last digit of the
number is an even number)

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 Divisibility Rules
A number is divisible by 3 if …

• The sum of all the digits of the

number is divisible by 3.

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 Divisibility Rules
A number is divisible by 4 if …

• The last two digits of that

number are divisible by 4

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 Divisibility Rules
A number is divisible by 5 if …

• The last digit is 0 or 5.

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 Divisibility Rules
A number is divisible by 6 if …
• That number is divisible by
both 3 and 2 (an even number,
whose digits add up to a
number divisible by 3)
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 Divisibility Rules
A number is divisible by 8 if …

• The last three digits of that

number are divisible by 8

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 Divisibility Rules
A number is divisible by 9 if …

• The sum of all the digits of the

number is divisible by 9.

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 Divisibility Rules
A number is divisible by 11 if …

• The difference of the Sum of

alternate digits to be 0 or
divisible by 11
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Addition and Multiplication rules
for Even and Odd numbers
• Even + Even = Even
• Even * Even = Even
• Even + Odd = Odd
• Even * Odd = Even
• Odd + Odd = Even
• Odd * Odd = Odd
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Can Even / Odd be an
integer?

Depends on the numbers.

For example, 28/7 is an integer.
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Can Odd / Odd be an
even integer?

Never

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Divide an even number with
an odd number. If remainder
exists, is it odd or even?
18/5 - Remainder is 3 - odd
30/ 7 - Remainder is 2 - even
Nothing can be said.
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Indices

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Odd Odd
=?

Odd

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Even Odd
=?

Even

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 a *a = ?
3 2

a5
Rule: a * a = a
m n m+n

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 (a ) = ?
3 2

a6
Rule: (a ) = a
m n mn

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 a /a = ?
3 2

a
Rule: am / an = a m - n
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 (ab) = ? 3

a b 3 3

Rule: (ab) = a b
m m m
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 a -3
= ?

1/ a 3

Rule: (a) = 1 / a
-m m
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What if “a” is a fraction or
a negative number?

The rules are still applicable

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LCM / HCF

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What are the multiples of
6 and 9?
6: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30
9: 9, 18, 27, 36
Common Multiples: 18, 36, ..
LCM: 18
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What are the factors of 6
and 9?
6: 1, 2, 3, 6
9: 1, 3, 9
Common Factors: 1, 3
HCF: 3
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Find the LCM and HCF of
2835 & 3456.

LCM = 362880, HCF = 27

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Find the LCM and HCF of
3/4 and 1/2.

LCM = 3/2, HCF = 1/4

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The LCM of two fractions
a/b and c/d is

(LCM of a & c) / (HCF of b & d)

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The HCF of two fractions
a/b and c/d is

(HCF of a & c) / (LCM of b & d)

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Exercise

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What is the fraction form
of 0.33333....?

1/3

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What is the fraction form
of 0.44444.. ?

4/9

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What is the fraction form
of 0.12121212.. ?

12/99

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 What is the last digit of
71*72*73*...…*79?
The product of 72 and 75 will
end in a zero.
So, the last digit of the product
will be zero.
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a and b are the digits of a
two digit number. Then
(ab - ba) is always a
multiple of ...
ab = 10a + b, ba = 10b + a
ab - ba = 9a - 9b
It will always be a multiple of 9
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A sum of five successive
whole numbers is always
divisible by ...
Let the numbers be x, x+1, x+2,
x+3, x+4. Their sum is 5x + 10.
It will always be divisible by 5.
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When divided by 8, any (odd
number) gives ___ as a
2

remainder
Square of odd = (2a+1)2
= 4a + 4a + 1 = 4 (a +a) + 1
2 2

(a 2 +a) will be even, for all a.

4(a +a) will be multiple of 8
2
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 The product
6 x 35 x 11 has how
7 3 10

many prime factors?

6 has 2 prime factors - 2 & 3
So 67 has 14 prime factors
Similarly 35 has 6 and
3

11 has 10 prime factors.

10
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Mentally calculate the
square of 65
Take the tens digit, 6, add 1
to it.
Multiply the two 6*7 = 42
Append 25 to this - 4225.
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Mentally calculate 58*52
Take the tens digit, 5, add 1 to
it.
Multiply the two 6*5 = 30
Append 8*2 = 16 to this - 3016.
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What is 245 x 25?

= (250*25) - (5*25)
= 6250 - 125
= 6125
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 What is 204?
14 = 196
2

Calculate (14.1) , (14.2) and

2 2

so on (algebraically).
So the square root is between
14 and 15, but closer to 14.
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What is 66% of 999 ?

= approx. 66% of 1000

= 660
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Which is larger 103*97 or
107*93?
103*97 = 1002 - 32
107*93 = 1002 - 72
So 103*97 is bigger

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 Which is greater - 16/66
or 25%?
16/66 < 16/64
So, the fraction is less than 1/4,
or less than 25%
So 25%is bigger
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 What is 107*107?

= (100 +7) 2

= 100 + 2*100*7 + 7
2 2

= 10,000 + 1400 + 49 = 11449

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Which is larger, 3/7 or
7/14?

7/14 = 1/2
3/6 = 1/2
3/7 < 3/6
So 7/14 is bigger
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Which is bigger 9 - 9 or 99 98

9 ?
98

9 - 9 = 9 (9-1)
99 98 98

= 8*9 98

So 999 - 998 is bigger.

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If I first  your marks by
10% and then  them by
10%, which are more:
your earlier marks or
changed marks?
The earlier marks are more.
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 What is the remainder
when 10 + 5 is divided
12

by 3?
The sum of digits of 10 +5 is 6. 12

Since this is divisible by 3,

the remainder is 0.
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 Is 53 - 33 divisible by
53 33

10?
Last digits of a number ending
with 3 will be..
31 = 3 32 = 9
33 = 7 34 = 1
……………….
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After every 4th power the series
will repeat.
So 353 and 333 will both end in
3.
And the difference will be
divisible by 10.
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 3 boys go round a circular
field in 3, 4 and 5 minutes
respectively. They start from
the same place at the same
time. When will they be at
the same place again?
They will meet after 60 minutes
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Revision

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 Conversion of recurring
decimal 0.abcabcabc .. to
fraction is

abc / 999

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Shortcut for square of a5?

a(a+1),25

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 LCM * HCF =

Product of the two numbers

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The LCM of two fractions
a/b and c/d is

(LCM of a & c) / (HCF of b & d)

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The HCF of two fractions
a/b and c/d is

(HCF of a & c) / (LCM of b & d)

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Averages

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A country’s airforce has
18 squadrons and a total
of 558 aircraft. What is the
average number of aircraft
in a squadron?
Average = 558 / 18 = 31
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 Average

Total of class
________________________
number of elements in class

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If the annual p.c. income
in X is $130 and that in Y
is $90, what is the
average p.c. income of X
and Y taken together?
= 130 + 90 / 2 = 220 / 2 = 110
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If it is given that Y’s
population is half of X’s?

= (130* 2x + 90 * x) / 3x =
116.7

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If a car with 4 tyres and a
spare traveled 20000 km,
and all tyres have been
used equally, what was
the mileage of each tyre?
80000 / 5 = 16000
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Which is the smallest
whole number, when
multiplied with 576, makes
a perfect cube?
576 = (2 ) * (2 ) * (3 )
3 3 2

Multiply by 3 to get a perfect

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What should be minimum
number of boys so that
they can be arranged in
the group of 20, 25, 35 or
40 ?
The LCM of 20, 25, 35 and 40
= 1400. The Resource Center
A batsman's avg. for some
innings was 42.5. Next 4
innings he scored 45, 48,
41 & 56, and his avg. for
all the innings became
43.75. How many innings
in all did he play ?
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Total till start = 42.5x.
New = 42.5x + (45+48+41+56).
Avg. = (42.5x + 190)/ (x+4) =
43.75
Solve for x, answer = 12.

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 The average age of Ajit
and his wife when they
married 5 years ago was
24. What is the present
average age of the family
if they have a 2 year-old
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The couple’s current age =
2(24 + 5) = 58.
Including son, total = 60.
Average = 60/3 = 20.

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Jill earned $ 1300 last
month. If her basic salary
is $ 1000 more than her
overtime, how much did
she earn in overtime?
Let overtime be x;
x + (1000+x) = 1300. x = 150.
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A number is created by
writing the first 54
numbers:
12345678............. 5354.
This, when divided by 8,
will leave a remainder of?
Remainder will be 354-352 = 2
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 What is the number, if
increased by 7, is
simultaneously divisible
by 27, 21, 35 and 77?
LCM of above numbers =
21*99*5 = 10395
number = 10395 - 7 = 10388
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 X had a batting average
of 40.8/match in 15 one-
day matches. Later, it was
discovered that, in the 2 of
those matches, his score
was 48 and not 84. His
correct average is ...
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[ 15 * 40.8 - (84-48)*2 ] / 15 =
36

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 Mr. X enters a positive
number y in a calculator
and then goes on
pressing the square root
( ) key repeatedly. What
will happen?
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For any positive number, the
larger the n, the closer the
value of n root to 1.
th

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 The product of all
integers from 1 to 100 will
have -- number of zeroes
at the end.
One each for each multiple of 5
from 5 to 100; four more for 25,
50, 75, and 100. Answer = 24.
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Three wheels rotate at 60,
36 and 24 rpm. Each has
a red spot on its rim,
which coincides at the
start. The red spots will be
at this position again after
how many seconds?
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The wheels make 1, 0.6 and
0.4 rev/sec respectively.
LCM of the three is 6 sec.

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The LCM of two numbers
is 12 times their HCF. The
sum of the HCF and LCM
is 403. If one of the
numbers is 93, find the
other.
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Let HCF = x. LCM = 12x.
LCM+HCF =13x = 403.
So x = 31
LCM*HCF = Product
Other number = 12*31*31 / 93
= 124
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A, B & C sit together for a
meal. A has 3 loaves, B
has 4 and C has none.
They share the loaves
equally and C pays $21.
How much should B get?
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Loaves eaten/person = 7/3,
A contributed 3 - 7/3, = 2/3,
and B contributed 4 - 7/3 = 5/3.
So, B gets 5/7 * 21 = $15

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X engaged Y at a salary of
$ 2400 for 30 days. Y
forfeits $ 100/day that he
didn’t work. At the end,
neither owed the other
any money. How many
days did Y work?
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80x = 100(30-x).
So x = 3000/180
=16 and /3 days
2

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 A two digit number "ab"
is squared. The square of
this number is of the form
"ccb". If we know that
"ccb" is greater than 300,
then what is the value of
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17 = 289. 35 > 1000.
2 2

So, the number is between 17

and 35.
"b" can take only values
0,1,5,6.
The only number that fits is 21.
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