MARINE DIESEL

(Week – 2)

ME 141329 ( 4 SKS)
Jurusan Teknik Sistem Perkapalan
ITS Surabaya
DIESEL ENGINE PRINCIPLES
Thermodynamic Principles
 All internal combustion
 Open cycle, heated engine
 Gasoline (Otto) engine
 Sparkignition
 Compresses air-fuel mixture

 Diesel engine
 Compressed ignition
 Compresses air only
INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE:

 AN ENGINE THAT PRODUCES

POWER BY BURNING FUEL
INSIDE A COMBUSTION
CHAMBER WITHIN THE
ENGINE
SPARK IGNITION ENGINE
COMPRESSION IGNITION
ENGINE
SEVEN ADVANTAGES OF
DIESEL ENGINES
 MORE EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICAL
TO USE
 FUEL VAPOR IS NOT EXPLOSIVE
 EXHAUST GASES ARE LESS
POISONOUS – LESS CARBON
MONOXIDE
 GREATER LUGGING POWER AND
TORQUE
ADVANTAGES CONTINUED
 ENGINES ARE DURABLE AND IF
PROPERLY CARED FOR WILL
MAINTAIN THEIR ECONOMY
 FUEL IS LESS VOLATILE – NO VAPOR
LOCK PROBLEMS
 CAN USE A VARIETY OF FUELS AND
MIXTURES
FIVE DISADVANTAGES OF
DIESEL ENGINES
 ENGINES MUST BE STRONGER AND
HEAVIER BECAUSE OF HIGHER
COMPRESSION RATES
 INITIALLY MORE EXPENSIVE
 FUEL COULD GEL IN COLDER
CLIMATES
 GENERALLY NOISER OPERATION
 VERY PUNGENT EXHAUST ODOR
Operation
 Increased pressure of combustion
gases acts on piston -> converted to
rotary motion
 Can be 2 or 4 stroke engines
 2-stroke: 1 power stroke per 1 crankshaft
rev
 4-stroke: 1 power stroke per 2 crankshaft
rev
 Operation
 Engine stroke
A stroke is a single traverse of the cylinder by
the piston (from TDC to BDC)
 1 revolution of crankshaft = 2 strokes of piston
WHAT ARE THE FIVE BASIC
PARTS OF ANY ENGINE?
WHAT DOES A
COMPRESSION RATIO OF
16:1 MEAN?

 THE AIR IN A CYLINDER IS

COMPRESSED INTO 1/16 THE
SPACE AT THE TOP OF THE
STROKE AS COMPARED TO
THE BOTTOM OF THE
STROKE
TRUE OR FALSE: DIESEL
ENGINES USE GREATER
COMPRESSION RATIOS
THAN GASOLINE ENGINES?

 TRUE
 DIESEL ENGINES – 16:1 TO 22:1
 GASOLINE ENGINES – 8:1
Four-Stroke Diesel Engine
 Intake stroke
 Intake valve open, exhaust valve shut
 Piston travels from TDC to BDC
 Air drawn in
 Compression stroke
 Intake and exhaust valves shut
 Piston travels from BDC to TDC
 Temperature and pressure of air increase
Four-Stroke Diesel Engine
 Power stroke
 Intake and exhaust valves shut
 Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites
 Piston forced from TDC to BDC
 Exhaust stroke
 Intake valve shut, exhaust valve open
 Piston moves from BDC to TDC
 Combustion gases expelled
FOUR STROKES OF AN
ENGINE
Four-Stroke Diesel Engine
 Strokes
 Intake
 Compression

 Power
 Exhaust
Two-Stroke Diesel Engine
 1 power stroke every crankshaft revolution
(vice every two w/ 4-stroke)
 Uses pressurized air to simultaneously
supply new air and expel combustion
gases
 Scavenging
 Exhaust valve open, inlet port exposed
 Pressurized air enters, expels combustion
gases
 Piston near BDC
Two-Stroke Diesel Engine
 Compression
 Intake and exhaust valves shut
 Piston travels from BDC to TDC
 Temperature and pressure of air increase
 Power stroke
 Intake and exhaust valves shut
 Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites
 Piston forced from TDC to BDC
WHAT HAPPENS DURING
STROKE 1 IN A TWO STROKE
CYCLE GASOLINE ENGINE?
 THE UPSTROKE OF THE PISTON
COMPRESSES THE AIR/FUEL
MIXTURE. (COMPRESSION
STROKE)
 AT THE SAME TIME, A NEW AIR-
FUEL MIXTURE IS DRAWN INTO
THE CRANKCASE. (INTAKE
STROKE)
WHAT HAPPENS DURING
STROKE 2 OF A TWO
STROKE CYCLE GASOLINE
ENGINE?
 THE DOWNWARD STROKE (POWER
STROKE) OF THE PISTON CAUSES THE
BURNED GASES TO ESCAPE THROUGH
THE EXHAUST PORT. (EXHAUST
STROKE)
 NEW FUEL-AIR IS FORCED INTO THE
CYLINDER
WHAT ARE THE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A
DIESEL AND GASOLINE TWO-
STROKE CYCLE ENGINE?
 DIESEL ENGINES INJECT FUEL INTO THE
CYLINDER THROUGH A FUEL INJECTOR
 A BLOWER IS OFTEN USED TO FORCE
AIR INTO THE CYLINDER
 DIESEL ENGINES HAVE EXHAUST
VALVES, GAS ENGINES HAVE A PORT
TWO-STROKE CYCLE
GASOLINE ENGINES
TWO-STROKE DIESEL
ENGINE
Two-Stroke Diesel Engine

 Strokes
 Compression

 Power
 (Intake/Exhaust)
Two vs. Four-Stroke Engines

 Two-stroke advantages
 Higher power to weight ratio
 Less complicated valve train

 Four-stroke advantages
 More efficient burning process
 As size increases, power-to-weight ratio
improves
HOW IS ENGINE SPEED
CONTROLLED IN A DIESEL
ENGINE?
 THE THROTTLE CONTROL REGULATES
ONLY THE AMOUNT OF FUEL INJECTED
INTO THE CYLINDER
 THE THROTTLE CONTROL IN A
GASOLINE ENGINE REGULATES THE
AMOUNT OF AIR/FUEL MIXTURE
ALLOWED INTO THE CYLINDER
HOW ARE DIESEL ENGINES
STOPPED?

 BY SHUTTING OFF THE FUEL TO

THE CYLINDERS BY A MANUAL
CONTROL OR SOLENOID SWITCH
 GASOLINE ENGINES ARE STOPPED
BY CUTTING OFF THE SPARK
FROM THE SPARK PLUGS TO THE
CYLINDERS
Engine Structure Stationary
Parts
 Engine frame - several stationary parts
fastened together (support moving parts)
 Cylinder block - supports crank shaft /
cylinder assembly
 Cylinder liner - bore in which piston moves
 Cylinder head - seals liner at combustion end
 Oil sump - reservoir containing lubricating oil
Engine Structure Moving Parts
 Piston - reciprocating motion
 crown - closed end
 skirt - open end

 Piston rings - seal cylinder, distribute oil,

transfer heat from piston to cylinder wall
 Piston pin - connect piston to connecting rod
 Connecting rod - reciprocating/rotating motion
 connect piston to crankshaft
Moving Parts
 Piston
 Piston
Rings
 Piston Pin
 Connecting
Rod

PISTON ASSEMBLY
Engine Structure Moving Parts

 Camshaft - rotating motion

 controls operation of valves
 Crankshaft - rotating motion
 drivesreduction gears, prop shaft, pump,
generator (work output)
 Flywheel - significant mass that allows
crankshaft to deliver a steady uniform output
 Bearings - support crankshaft
 Camshaft
and Cams
 Lifters,
pushrods,
and rocker
arms
 Intake and
exhaust
valves.
 Crankshaft and Main Bearings
Auxiliary Systems
(Air)
 Intake system - supply air for
combustion
 Blower (more air into cylinder)
 Clean air (filters)
 Reduce noise (air silencer)

 Exhaust System - remove exhaust air

 Muffleexhaust (muffler)
 Clean exhaust (filter)
Auxiliary Systems
 Fuel System
 deliver fuel to cylinders under specific conditions
 quantity (vary with demand)
 equal distribution between/within cylinders
 timing (optimize power)

 Ignition System -
 consists of the piston, cylinder, and cylinder head. These
parts form the combustion chamber. Ignition occurs when
the temp of the compressed air within the chamber exceeds
the ignition temp of the injected fuel.
Auxiliary Systems
 Cooling Systems
 Remove heat not transformed to work in order to prevent LO
breakdown, metal fatigue, stress
 Cooling system circulates coolant (Seawater, Freshwater, or
air) through and around critical parts

 Lube Oil System

 Must provide adequate lube oil so that friction and wear can
be reduced to a minimum for all moving metal parts (cooled
by freshwater cooler/HX)
Propulsion Drive Mechanisms
 Indirect drive
 Reduction gears
 Diesel efficiently operates at high RPM
 Prop operates at low RPM

 Reverse gear (ships w/o varying pitch props)

 Diesel operates in same direction at all times
 Clutch - continue to operate diesel
 Direct drive
 No reduction or reverse gear