BASIC LAWS

Introduction
Ohm’s Law

◦ Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the
current i flowing through the resistor.
𝑣 ∝𝑖
𝑣 = 𝑖. 𝑅
Konduktansi
1 𝑖
𝐺= =
𝑅 𝑣
𝑣2
Daya 𝑝 = 𝑣. 𝑖 = 𝑖 2 . 𝑅 =
𝑅
example

◦ In the circuit shown in Fig. below, calculate the current i, the conductance G, and the
power p.
𝑣 30
𝑖 = 𝑅 = 5.103 = 6 𝑚𝐴
1 1
𝐺= =5.103 = 0.2 𝑚𝑆
𝑅
𝑝 = 𝑣. 𝑖 = 30 6. 10−3 = 180 𝑚𝑊
Nodes, Branches, and Loops

◦ A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor.

◦ A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.
◦ A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
◦ Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively share a single node and
consequently carry the same current.
◦ Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across them.
example
◦ How many branches and nodes does the circuit in Fig. below have? Identify the
elements that are in series and in parallel.
KirchhOff’s Laws

◦ Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node
(or a closed boundary) is zero.

𝑛=1 𝑖𝑛 = 0
◦ σ𝑁
◦ The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the
node.
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
KirchhOff’s Laws
◦ Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a
closed path (or loop) is zero.
◦ σ𝑀
𝑚=1 𝑣𝑚 = 0

𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + 𝑣5 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣4
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 − 𝑉3
example

◦ Determine vo and i in the circuit shown in Fig. below

− 12 + 4𝑖 + 2𝑣𝑜 − 4 + 6𝑖 = 0
𝑣0 = −6𝑖
𝑖 = −8𝐴
 Find current 𝑖0 and voltage 𝑣0 in the circuit shown below.

KCL
3 + 0.5 𝑖0 = 𝑖0 𝑖0 = 6 𝐴

For 4Ω resistor 𝑣0 = 4 𝑖0 = 24 𝑉
Series Resistors and Voltage Division

The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in series is the sum of the
individual resistances.

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + … … … + 𝑅𝑛 = ෍ 𝑅𝑛
𝑛=1
 𝑅1
𝑣1 = 𝑣
𝑅1 + 𝑅2

𝑅2
𝑣2 = 𝑣
𝑅1 + 𝑅2

𝑅𝑛
𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅𝑛
 Parallel Resistors and Current Division
◦ The equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is equal to the product of their
resistances divided by their sum.

𝑣 = 𝑖1 𝑅1 = 𝑖2 𝑅2
𝑣 𝑣
𝑖1 = , 𝑖2 =
𝑅1 𝑅2

𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2

1 1 1 1 𝐺𝑒𝑞 = 𝐺1 + 𝐺2 + … + 𝐺𝑁
= + +…+
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑁
Wye-Delta Transformations
Delta to Wye Conversion
𝑅12 𝑌 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅3
𝑅12 ∆ = 𝑅𝑏 || (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑐 )

𝑅𝑏 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑐 )
𝑅12 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅3 =
𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑐 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 )
𝑅13 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 =
𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑎 (𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐 )
𝑅34 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 =
𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐
 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐
𝑅1 =
𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎
𝑅2 =
𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏
𝑅3 =
𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐

Each resistor in the Y network is the product of the resistors in the two
adjacent Δ branches, divided by the sum of the three Δ resistors.
Wye to Delta Conversion

𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅3 𝑅1
𝑅𝑎 =
𝑅1
𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅3 𝑅1
𝑅𝑏 =
𝑅2
𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅3 𝑅1
𝑅𝑐 =
𝑅3

Each resistor in the Δ network is the sum of all possible products of Y

resistors taken two at a time, divided by the opposite Y resistor.
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 9.632 Ω