Subject Code : ECE – 101/102

BASIC ELECTRONICS

COURSE MATERIAL
For
1ST & 2ND Semester B.E.
(Revised Credit System)

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
Module 5
Operational
Amplifiers
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
 The Operational Amplifier : Ideal Op-Amp Model

 An op-amp is a “differential-to-single-ended” amplifier, i.e., it

amplifies the voltage difference Vp – Vn = Vi at the input port and
produces a voltage Vo at the output port that is referenced to the
ground node of the circuit in which the op-amp is used.

 The term operational amplifier refers to a class of high-gain DC

coupled amplifiers with two inputs and a single output. The modern
integrated circuit version is typified by the famous 741 op-amp .Op
amps are high gain amplifiers, and are used almost invariably with
overall loop-feedback

 An op-amp is a very high gain directly coupled negative feedback

amplifier which can amplify signals having wide range of
frequencies.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
 Op-Amp

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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 Introduction
 Circuit Symbol and IC Pin-outs
– Inverting Input
– Non-Inverting Input
– Output
– +12V and -12V
 Operational Amplifiers are integrated
circuits (IC’s) that have a number of
advantages over the standalone
transistors.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
 The 741 Op-amp

 The most common and most famous op-amp is

the mA741C or just 741, which is packaged in
an 8-pin mini-DIP. Here is the pin-out for a
typical 741 op-amp in a DIP (Dual In-line
Package).

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
 Block diagram of OPAMP

 Block diagram

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
 Block diagram

 The input stage is a differential amplifier. The differential

amplifier used as an input stage provides differential
inputs and a frequency response down to d.c. Special
techniques are used to provide the high input impedance
necessary for the operational amplifier .
 The second stage is a high-gain voltage amplifier. This
stage may be made from several transistors to provide
high gain.

 The final stage of the OP AMP is an output amplifier. The

output amplifier provides low output impedance.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
 The Ideal Op-amp:

An Ideal Op-Amp has the following characteristics .

 An infinite voltage gain

 An infinite bandwidth
 An infinite input resistance : The resistance b/w V1 and V2
terminals is infinite .
 Zero output resistance : Vo remains constant no matter what
resistance is applied across output
 Perfect balance : When V1 is equal to V2 the Vo is 0
 Zero input offset voltage (i.e., exactly zero out if zero in)
 Infinite CMRR
 Infinite slew rate
 Zero input offset current
 The characteristic of an opamp do not change with temperature

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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The input signal of a differential
amplifier consists of a differential
component and a common-mode
component.
vid  v1  v 2
1
vicm   v1  v2 
2

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
 Transfer curve

 Transfer curve

Vout
+Vpower

A>=1
V in

-V p o w e r

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS
 OPAMP Characteristics

 output offset voltage Voo: The actual value of

the output voltage when the inputs of an opamp
are zero is called the output offset voltage.
Output offset voltage is basically due to two
distinct phenomenon. a)input offset voltage b)
input bias current
 Input bias current(Ib): it is the average of the
current that flows in to the inverting and
noninverting input terminals of the opamp.
 input offset current(Iio): it is the algebraic
difference between the currents flowing in to
noninverting and inverting terminals
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 Opamp characteristics

 Input resistance(Ri):it is the equivqlent resistance that

can be measured at either the inverting or non inverting
terminal with the other terminal connected to ground.

 Slew Rate:it is defined as the maximum rate of change

of output voltage per unit time
 SVRR:Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio:the change in
opamp input offset voltage caused by variations in
supply voltage is called svrr.
 Output resistance(Ro):it is the equivalent resistance that
can be measured between the output terminal of opamp
and the ground.
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 Common Mode Gain:

 The common mode gain, Acm, is the ratio of the output voltage, Vo,
to the common mode input signal, Vcm, i.e.
Vo = AcmVcm
 For two independent input signals, the common mode signal is often
taken to be the average of the two input signal voltages, i.e.
Vo = Acm ((V1 + V2) / 2)
 Recall that the op-amp amplifies the difference between the two
input signals v+ and v-, i.e.
Vo = Ad(V1 – V2)
 So by this equation, if both input signals are the same then the
output will be zero. However this is not the case in real op-amps.
Any signal common to both inputs will also be amplified by a
common mode gain.
So the final gain equation is:
Vo = Ad(V1 – v2) + Acm((v1 + v2) / 2)

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 CMRR

 The common-mode rejection ratio

(CMRR) of an amplifier (or other device)
measures the tendency of the device to
reject input signals common to both input
leads.

where AdDepartment
is the differential gain and As is the common-mode gain.
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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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 Applications of OPAMP:

 Operational amplifiers can be used to perform

mathematical operations on voltage signals such
as
 Inversion
 Addition
 Subtraction
 Integration
 Differentiation
 Multiplication by a constant
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 Inverting amplifier:

 Inverts and amplifies a voltage (multiplies

by a negative constant)

Zin = Rin (because V − is a virtual ground)

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 Expression for gain:
 Assuming that the input difference is small,
we can write KCL at
the inverting node
 I1 + I0 = 0--------(1)
 ( V1 - V- )/ R1 + ( Vout
= - V- )/ R0 = 0----(2)
 V1 / R1 + Vout / R0 = 0 -----(3) since V-=0
V+ ~= 0 concept of virtual ground
 Vout = - V1 R0 / R1---------(4)

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 Non-inverting amplifier:

 Amplifies a voltage (multiplies by a

constant greater than 1)

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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 Expression for gain

 By virtual ground concept

 Vin = Vout(R1/R2 + R1) -----(1)
 Vin/vout = R1/R2 + R1 -----(2)
 Vout/vin = R2/R1 + R1/R1 -----(3)
 Vout /vin= R2/R1 + 1 -----(4)

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 Subtractor

The aim of the subtractor is to

provide an output which is equal to

the difference of the two input signals

or proportional to their difference .

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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 Voltage follower

 Used as a buffer amplifier, to eliminate

loading effects or to interface impedances
 Output follows input.


 gain unity

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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 Summing amplifier

 Sums several (weighted) voltages

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 Integrator

 A circuit in which output voltage is directly proportional to the integral of the input is
known as an integrator or the integration amplifier.

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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 Expression

 Applying KCL the expression for output voltage is

obtained as follows.
Since IB is negligibly small

The current through the capacitor is related to voltage by the relation

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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 Output Expression

because A is very large. Therefore

The output voltage can be obtained by integrating both sides with respect to time

where C is the integration constant. Equation 4 indicates that the output

voltage is directly proportional to the negative integral of the input voltage
and inversely proportional to the time
constant R1CF

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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 Output waveform

 Equation 4 indicates that the output voltage is directly proportional

to the negative integral of the input voltage and inversely
proportional to the time constant R1CF
 For example if the input is a sine wave, the output will be a cosine
wave; or if the input is a square wave output is a triangular wave
•

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 Differentiator

 Differentiates the (inverted) signal over

time.

(where Vin and Vout are functions of time)

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 Output expression

 The input voltage VS across C1

is proportional to the rate of
change of the input voltage
 i = C1 ∙ dVS / dt  ------------------(1)
 Because no current flows into the opamp it must flow through R2
creating the output voltage.
 Vo = - i ∙ R2 --------------------(2)
 Substituting for i we get
 Vo = - C1 ∙ R2 ∙ dVS / dt --------------------(3)
 Equation 4 indicates that the output voltage is directly proportional
to the negative integral of the input voltage and inversely
proportional to the time constant R1CF
 V0 is directly proportional to the differentiation of input voltage.

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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 comparator

 Compares two voltages and outputs one

of two states depending on which is
greater

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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Q1 determine the gain of the amplifier shown in fig
below given
R0=100Ώ R1=4.7k Ώ

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Q2. For the circuit of noninverting amplifier with
R1=10 k Ώ and
R0=100k Ώ determine
i)closed loop gain Af
ii)output voltage Vo

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
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Q3. In this circuit, you have it set up for a gain of
-10.
The input voltage is .24v. What is the output
voltage?

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

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Q4 For the same conditions as in Problem 2, the I
nput is changed to -.35 volts. What is the output
voltage now?

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, INDIA BASIC
ELECTRONICS