Defining and Refining

the Problem

Presented by:
Anni Esa Saraswati (023152075)
Sofiah (023152078)
Ravisa Boentar (023152090)
Identify problem areas that are likely to be studied
in organizations

Narrow down a broad problem into a feasible topic

for research using preliminary research

Develop a good problem statement

 Develop a research proposal

Be aware of the role of the manager in the early

stages of the research process

Be aware of the role of ethics in the early stages of

the research process.

Next
Chapter
Learning Objective 1

A problem is any
situation where
a gap exists
between an
actual
and a desired
ideal state.
Learning Objective 1

Young workers in the organization show low levels

of commitment to the organization.

The newly installed information system is not

being used by the managers for whom it was
primarily designed

Staff turnover is higher than anticipated

Learning Objective 2

1. Information
on the
organization and 2. Information
its environment – on the topic of
that is, the interest.
contextual
factors.
Learning Objective 3

the researcher is in a position to

narrow down the problem from its
original broad base and define the
issues of concern more clearly. As we
have explained earlier, it is critical
that
the problem statement is
unambiguous, specific, and focused,
and that the problem is addressed
from a specific
academic perspective
Learning Objective 4

The research
Time frame of
A working title design,
the study
offering details

Background of The relevance

The budget
the study of the study

The problem The scope of Selected

statement the study bibliography
Learning Objective 5
Learning Objective 6

 Ifthe researcher decides to do research, it is

important to inform all employees -
especially those who will be interviewed for
preliminary data collection through
structured and unstructured interviews -
from the proposed study. They have the right
to be protected from physical or
psychological threats. They have the right to
privacy and confidentiality
The Critical Literature Review
 Discuss the functions of a literature review.
1.

Write a literature review on any given topic, documenting the

references in the prescribed manner.

2.

Discuss the ethical issues of documenting the literature review.

3.

EXIT
Learning Objective 1

A literature review is the selection of

available documents on a topic, which
contain information, ideas, data
and evidence written from a particular
standpoint to fulfill certain aims or express
certain views on the
nature of the topic and how it is to be
investigated, and the effective evaluation of
these documents in relation to the research
being proposed
Learning Objective 1
Learning Objective 1

1. The research effort is positioned relative to

existing knowledge and builds on this knowledge.

2. You can look at a problem from a specific angle; it shapes your

thinking and sparks useful insights on
the topic of your research.
3. You do not run the risk of “reinventing the wheel”, that is, wasting
effort on trying to rediscover something that is already known.

4. You are able to introduce relevant terminology and to define key terms
used in your writing. This is
important because the same term may have different meanings,
depending on the context in which it is
used. Definitions will also help you to give structure to your essay,
article or report (see Box 4.1 for
an example).
Learning Objective 2

Data Unpublished
Reports
sources manuscripts

Conference
Textbooks Newspapers
proceedings

Textbooks The Internet

Theses
Learning Objective 2

Electronic journals

Full‐text databases

Bibliographic databases

Abstract databases
Learning Objective 2

Is the main research question or problem

statement presented in a clear and analytical
way?

Is the relevance of the research question made

transparent?
Does this study build directly upon previous
research?

Will the study make a contribution to the field?

Is there a theory that guides the research?

Learning Objective 2

Documenting the literature

review
The theoretical
researchers have
framework (in deductive
knowledge of the
research) that will be
problem area and have
compiled in the work
made preliminary
has been completed and
preparations that are
will be added to a solid
important to carry out
foundation of existing
research
knowledge
Learning Objective 2

 Berdasarkan sumber
http://repository.unpas.ac.id/14563/5/BAB%
20II%20skripsi%2030-12-2016.pdf
Learning Objective 3

 Deliberately  Plagiarism- the

misrepresenting use of other
the work of other people's thought
authors - that is, words, arguments,
their point of or ideas such as
view, ideas, one's own
models, findings,
interpretations,
and so on