Presented By.

Rana Mubasher 2k16-che-109

M. Sajjad Asghar 2k16-che-113
Abdullah 2k16-che-49
M. Sohail 2k16-che-115
Maher Ali 2k16-che-67
Time Study Techniques.
Time study:
Time study is to calculate the time required by a qualified and trained
worker to do a task / job.
Applications of time study:
Although time study has greatest use for determining “Standard
Time”. It is also being used for a number of other purposes. It may be
used for following.
• Standard for the payment of wages
• Determines schedule planning the work
• Determining standard cost of Labour
• Estimating the cost of the product prior to manufacturing it
• Determining the selling price on the basis of total cost
• Determining machine effectiveness ,the Number of machines, Number of
men needed in a gang [1].
Time Study Procedure
The exact procedure in making Time Study may vary depending upon the type of
operation being studied. The following steps are usually required:
Secure & record the information about the operation and the person being
studied
 Divide the process into elements and record description of method
 Record the time taken by the operator
 Determine the no. of cycles (Times) to be repeated
 Rate the operator’s performance
 Make it secure that sufficient number of Cycles (Turns) have been timed 7.
 Determine the time allowances
 Finally determines the standard time for the process
The top three time recording techniques used in time study. The
techniques are:
• Stop Watch Method .
• Time Recording Machine .
• Motion Picture Camera.

Stop watch Method.

(a) Plain Decimal-Minute stopwatch:
• Fig. 19.2 shows this type of watch. The large hand of this watch makes one
revolution in one minute. The dial is divided into 100 divisions and each division
shows 0.01 minute. The small hand completes one revolution in 30 minutes, with
the dial markings showing one minute interval.
• The watch is started by moving slide (A) towards the stem and stopped by moving
the slide away from the stem. Pressure on crown (B) resets the hand to zero. The
use of this type of watch for time study purpose is much more than that of the
others.
(b) Decimal Hour stopwatch:
This type of stopwatch is shown in Fig. 19.3. The large dial is graduated into 100
divisions each representing 0.0001 hour. The large hand makes one revolution in
36 seconds or 0.01 hour. The small hand revolves once for each 30 revolutions of
large hand, so that each of 30 small divisions shows 0.01 hour.
The operation of this watch is similar to that of the plain decimal minute
stopwatch
(c) Split-Hand stopwatch:

• This watch is shown in Fig. 19.4. The large dial divisions for the large two hands are 0.01 minute,
with one revolution showing one minute. Successive presses on crown (B) will start the both hands,
stop them and return them to zero. Pressing pin A holds one of the large hands at whatever prior
position is attained, but allows the other hand to continue its progress.
• Thus the observer can then record the time shown by the stopped hand while the next
element is being timed. The second pressure on pin (A) causes the stopped hand to
instantly catch up the moving hand and continue with it. The timing proceeds in this
manner to the end of the study .The upper small hand registers minutes upto a total of
30 and runs continuously, while the lower small hand accumulates seconds upto 60 in a
like manner. This watch is not fit for snap-nack method.
(d) Wink Stopwatch:
• Fig. 19.5 shows this watch. Each division of large dial represents .001 minute,
which means one complete revolution of large hand is equal to 0.100 minute or 6
seconds. Each division of small dial equals 0.100 minute and a maximum of three
minutes can be accumulated for each time the crown is depressed.
• This watch is started by pressing the crown, stopped by pressing the crown and
reset by pressing the crown.
Time Recording Machine:
• This type of machine carries a paper tape which rotates on two rollers
at uniform velocity. This paper tape is graduated in such a way that it
gives timings in fraction of minutes. A slit provided in the casing of
equipment makes it possible to be seen and record the readings. Use
of this method eliminates the errors of stop watch method.
• The idea of time recording machine by a line sketch is shown in fig
19.9.
 Motion Picture Camera:
• This camera as already explained is used in micro motion study. The
utility of micro-motion study has already been described in the
‘Motion Study’. This camera is driven at constant speed of several
ranges. Because of constant speed, time taken by each film can be
calculated. Thus by knowing the number of films covered by
operational element, the exact time can be found.
• For example, if camera was set at 1000 films per minute, i.e., each
film takes 0.001 minute and if an operational element covers 68 films
the time required for this operational element would be 0.001 x 68 =
0.068 minute. Thus, this method IS very accurate one but is used for
high precision work as this is much expensive than other methods[3] .
Observation sheet.
• The observation sheet is a printed form with spaces provided for recording information about the
process being studied. These information’s are, the eleventh operation of a process, the name of
the operator, the name of the machine or equipment, Date and place of time study. The form
provides spaces for recording stop watch readings for each element of the process. Space may
also be provided for a sketch of the job, drawing of the past, specification of the material etc.
Steps in Making Time Study Observations
Following steps are followed:
 Discuss the operation to be trained with the supervisor of the department
 Make certain that the operator has been informed
 Secure the co-operation of the operator. Explain them, what you are going to do.
 Make certain that the operation is ready for time study.
 Obtain all necessary information’s and record on the observation sheet.
Make a sketch of the work piece
Divide all operation into its elements.
 Estimate the numbers of cycle to be timed
 Record the time of the day when the study is begun
 State the stop watch at the beginning of the first element. Read & record the
time for each elements of the cycle
 When the study is completed, calculations are made
Rate the operator’s performance and record on the observation sheet
 Sign with date the study sheet .
 Check that certain numbers of cycles have been timed.
 Add time allowances to calculate standard time for the process [4] .
THANK YOU