Application of Reduced

differential transform method

to fluid flow through porous
medium
INTRODUCTION
 Reduced differential transform method is one of
the useful and effective numerical approximate
method is applied to solve non-linear & linear
differential equation. The result of giving example
demonstrated that RDTM is a powerful tool for
solving nonlinear PDE, it can be applied very easily
and it has less computational work than other
existing methods like Adomian decomposition and
Laplace decomposition. Reduced differential
transform method belongs to basic of
mathematical analysis. Theory of differential
transform method is applicable to obtain solutions
of problems in partial differential equations and
ordinary differential equations, in multidimensional
with the concept of linear & nonlinear equations.
History
 The RDTM was first introduced by Y. Keskin in his
Ph.D [10]. This method based on the numbers of
iteration needed of the series solution for
numerical purpose with high accuracy. In Recently
RDTM [11, 12] derived analytic approximate
solution to the Sharma Tasso Olver (STO)
equation & exact solution to both Schrödinger
equation & the Telegraph equation. Also solved
gas dynamics equation & Klein Gordon Equation.
 Since then a number of authors like Keskin and
Oturanc [13], [14], [15], [16], Cenesiz, et. al. [17],
Taha [18], Taha and Wahab [19] solved many
equations using this method.
Analysis of Method
 The basic definitions of RDTM are given below
 If the function u(x, t) is analytic and differential continuously
with respect to time t and space x in the domain of
interest, then let

 Where the t-dimensional spectrum function is the

transformed function u(x, t) represent transformed
function. The differential inverse transform of is
defined as follows
Conti..
 Then combining equation (1) & (2) we write

 From the above definition, it can be found

that the concept of RDTM is derived from
the power series expansion. The fundamental
operation performed by RDTM can be
readily obtained and are listed in table.
Table: 1

Functional form Transformed form

Conti…
 Standard operator form of RDTM

 with initial condition is

 Where is a linear operator
which has partial derivatives.
 is a nonlinear term & is the
remaining linear term.
 Using the RDTM formulas in Table: 1 we can derive
the following recursive relation.

 Where are
transformations of the functions
respectively.
 We can write equation (5) as
Cont…
 To find all other iterations, we first substitute equation (7)
into equation (6) and then we find the values of
finally. We apply the inverse transformation to all values
to obtain the approximate solution.

 Where n is the number of iterations we need to find the

intended approximate solution.
 Hence, the exact solution of our problem is given by
Chapter:1
 Chapter 1 is an Introduction of fluid flow in
porous media, its history and physical
interpretation of fluid dynamics of Porous
medium & literature survey.

 It provides the classification of fluids, types of

flow, fundamentals of flow phenomena and
porous media, including detailed discussion of
porosity & permeability.
Chapter : 2
 It Summaries the physico-mathematical aspect which are
necessary to understand the content of subsequent chapters.
 It explained the mechanics of flows in porous media and
Darcy’s law which provide the mathematical fundamentals for
this discussion and from the beginning of the present
investigations. If there is any native fluid in that case by using
another fluid having varied properties which called injected
fluid then there are three methods used for recovery of fluids
from porous media are :
 Groundwater Recharge
 Fingering Process. (requires another fluid with lesser viscosity)
 Imbibition Process. (requires another fluid with greater
wettability)
 Fingero-Imbibition Process. (requires another fluid with lesser
viscosity and greater wettability)
Cont…
 Applying one of the methods for recovery of fluid
from porous media and using “continuous matter
theory”, we modeled the problem into
mathematical form called as Partial Differential
Equations. A Partial Differential Equation is always
connected with a particular type of associated
conditions. It is eminent fact that non linear Partial
Differential Equations cannot be show analytically.
In these cases it is necessary to apply some
method of approximation such as Reduced
Differential transform method.
 The Reduced Differential transform method
assumes a series solution for the unknown
function.
Chapter : 3
 In Chapter 3 Reduced Differential
transform method is described. Result of
the method is given by the convergent
series form.
Chapter : 4
 Chapter 4 deals with the instabilities (fingering) in
displacement process involving two immiscible
liquids through porous media with reference to
magnetic fluid. Two cases are considered in this
chapter viz.
 (1) Instabilities without magnetic fluid.
 (2) Instabilities with magnetic fluid.
 A mathematical model has been described for
both the cases and the investigated flow system is
governed by a nonlinear partial differential
equation.
Conti..
 (1) Instabilities without magnetic fluid.
𝜕𝑆𝑤 𝜕 𝜕𝑆𝑤
 = 𝑆𝑤
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
 Now we apply RDTM then we get solution in
series form is

𝒆𝒙 −𝟏 𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒙 −𝒆𝒙
 𝑺𝒘 𝒙, 𝒕 = + 𝒕𝟏 +
𝒆−𝟏 𝒆−𝟏 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝒆𝟑𝒙+𝟏 −𝟏𝟎𝒆𝟐𝒙+𝟏 +𝒆𝒙+𝟏 −𝟏𝟖𝒆𝟑𝒙 +𝟏𝟏𝒆𝟐𝒙 −𝒆𝒙 +𝟏𝟔𝒆𝟒𝒙

𝒕𝟐 + ⋯
𝟐 (𝒆−𝟏)𝟒
 Now we get Numerical solution & Graph by MatLab

x t=0 t = 0.1 t = 0.2 t = 0.3 t = 0.4 t = 0.5 t = 0.6 t = 0.7 t = 0.8 t = 0.9 t=1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.1 0.06121 0.05124 0.03845 0.03236 0.02909 0.02710 0.02577 0.02484 0.02414 0.02360 0.02317

0.2 0.12885 0.08966 0.06302 0.05189 0.04631 0.04308 0.04100 0.03956 0.03851 0.03771 0.03709

0.3 0.20361 0.13532 0.09468 0.07840 0.07047 0.06594 0.06308 0.06112 0.05971 0.05864 0.05782

0.4 0.28623 0.19032 0.13618 0.11490 0.10466 0.09888 0.09524 0.09277 0.09099 0.08966 0.08863

0.5 0.37754 0.25758 0.19149 0.16577 0.15346 0.14655 0.14221 0.13928 0.13718 0.13560 0.13439

0.6 0.47845 0.34118 0.26640 0.23742 0.22359 0.21584 0.21099 0.20772 0.20537 0.20362 0.20226

0.7 0.58998 0.44693 0.36930 0.33926 0.32494 0.31692 0.31191 0.30852 0.30610 0.30429 0.30289

0.8 0.71324 0.58314 0.51247 0.48512 0.47208 0.46478 0.46021 0.45712 0.45491 0.45326 0.45199

0.9 0.84946 0.76173 0.71390 0.69536 0.68651 0.68155 0.67845 0.67635 0.67485 0.67373 0.67286

1 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000
 Saturation of liquid at different time & layers 1

0.9

1 0.8

0.8 0.7

0.6 0.6

Sw
0.4 0.5

0.2 0.4

0 0.3
1
1 0.2

0.5
0.5 0.1

t 0 0
x 0

In the graph X- axis denotes the values of x and Y-axis denotes the
time & Z-axis denotes the saturation of injected liquid S_w (x)of
porous media. As shown in graph, for each time level saturation S_w
has a growing propensity along the distinct basin layers which denoted
on X-axis. Correspondingly for every point of x saturation declines as
time rises but the rate at which it rises at each point in observed
region decreases faster and after some time it becomes constant. This
approves that the equilibrium of the fingers is correctly conceivable
supposition prepared for capillary pressure and water saturation.
(2) Instabilities with magnetic fluid.
𝜕𝑆𝑤 𝜕 𝜕𝑆𝑤 𝜕
= 𝑆 − 𝐶0 (𝑆𝑤 𝑥)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

Now we apply RDTM then we get solution in

series form is

𝑆𝑤 𝑥, 𝑡
𝑒 𝑥 − 1 0 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥+1 + 𝑒 − 1 1
= 𝑡 + 𝑡
𝑒−1 𝑒−1 2
2𝑒3𝑥+1 + 8𝑥 − 2 𝑒 2𝑥+1 − 4𝑥 + 3 𝑒 2 𝑥+1
+ 𝑥 − 2 𝑒 𝑥+1 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑒 𝑥+3 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥+2 𝑡 2
+
𝑒−1 4 2
4𝑥 3𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥 3 2 2
16𝑒 − 10𝑒 + 6 − 4𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒 − 𝑒 + 3𝑒 − 3𝑒 + 1 𝑡
+ …
𝑒−1 4 2
Conti..
X t=0 t = 0.1 t = 0.2 t = 0.3 t = 0.4 t = 0.5 t = 0.6 t = 0.7 t = 0.8 t = 0.9 t=1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.1 0.06121 0.07060 0.06786 0.06277 0.05816 0.05445 0.05151 0.04916 0.04727 0.04571 0.04442

0.2 0.12885 0.12034 0.10184 0.08667 0.07579 0.06802 0.06233 0.05804 0.05471 0.05207 0.04992

0.3 0.20361 0.17703 0.14192 0.11592 0.09821 0.08597 0.07722 0.07074 0.06580 0.06192 0.05881

0.4 0.28623 0.24214 0.19019 0.15299 0.12812 0.11116 0.09915 0.09033 0.08364 0.07842 0.07426

0.5 0.37754 0.31765 0.24977 0.20177 0.16991 0.14830 0.13306 0.12190 0.11346 0.10689 0.10166

0.6 0.47845 0.40631 0.32539 0.26837 0.23060 0.20501 0.18699 0.17380 0.16384 0.15609 0.14992

0.7 0.58998 0.51199 0.42421 0.36228 0.32124 0.29342 0.27381 0.25947 0.24863 0.24019 0.23347

0.8 0.71324 0.64022 0.55712 0.49828 0.45920 0.43266 0.41395 0.40024 0.38987 0.38179 0.37536

0.9 0.84946 0.79899 0.74066 0.69915 0.67150 0.65269 0.63940 0.62965 0.62227 0.61652 0.61193

1 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000
Conti.. Saturation of injected liquid at different time & layers
1

1
0.8

Sw
0.5 0.6

0.4
0
1 1
0.5 0.5 0.2

t 0 0 x
0

This shows that the stabilization of the fingers is truly possible with the
supposition prepared for capillary pressure and water saturation. In
above problem, we have taken injected liquid involving magnetic fluid
instead of only injected liquid. Therefore, in comparison with problem 1,
we observed from the graphs that for each value of T, saturation of
injected liquid increased at each point and decreasing tendency of S_w
along space co-ordinate slower than that of problem 1 for corresponding
value of constants and step length in x and y direction respectively. Also,
rate of increase of saturation at each point of observed region slows
with increase in time in comparison with above problem. Finally, we can
say that fingers will stabilize more quickly than that of problem 1.
Chapter : 5
 In chapter 5, we have discussed the phenomenon
of imbibitions under special conditions as
homogeneous medium is constructed for the
problems of each cases are
 (1)with capillary pressure
 (2)involving magnetic fluid
 (3)homogeneous medium inclined at small angle
 Numerical solution of governing non-linear
partial differential equation for every case has
been obtained by Reduced differential transform
method. Solution is obtained from a series and
the numerical results are obtained at various
time levels.
Conti..
 Conclusion:

In the graph X-axis shows the values

of x, Y-axis shows time t and Z-axis
shows the saturation of injected
liquid involving magnetic fluid (𝑆𝑤 )
in porous media of length one. As
seen in the graph that 𝑆𝑤 = 𝑆𝑜 at
layer 𝑥 = 0& there is no saturation
of injected liquid at other end
𝑥 = 1 irrespective of time.

It is clear from graph that, at particular time, saturation of injected liquid

involving magnetic fluid decrease with increase in value of x and x=1, saturation
is decreased to zero and as time rises, rate of upsurge of the saturation of injected
liquid declines at each layer. It is clear from graphs of both the problem 2 and 3
saturation of injected liquid shrinkage at little bit faster rate in comparison with
problem 2 for corresponding values of constants and step length in x and y
direction respectively.
Chapter : 6
 Chapter 6 discusses the phenomenon of Fingero-
imbibition in double phase through (1) homogeneous
porous media (2) cracked porous media. The
improvement of magnetic fluid is considered in all three
cases. The phenomenon of finger-imbibition arises on
account of simultaneous occurrence of two important
phenomenon viz. fingering and imbibitions. The
mathematical formulation of basic equations yields
nonlinear partial differential equations governing the
finger-imbibition in the investigated liquid-liquid
displacement problem. Numerical solution of the
differential equation thus formed for each case has been
obtained by using Reduced differential transform method.
Graph indicating the behavior of saturation distribution
for these numerical results.
Conti...
Conclusion :
 In the graph X-axis indicates the values of x and Y-
axis indicates the time & Z-axis indicates the
saturation of injected liquid involving magnetic fluid
(𝑆𝑤 ) in porous media of length one. As shown in
graph at particular time, saturation of injected liquid
involving magnetic fluid increases with increase in
value of x up to x=1 injected water is mostly
saturated & as time increases saturation of injected
liquid is increase for some time and after some time
decreases at each layer.
 It can be seen from graphs of both the problem 1
and 2 saturation of injected fluid decreases at little
bit faster rate in comparison with problem 1 for
corresponding values of constants & step length in X,
Y & Z axis.
Chapter : 7
 Chapter 7 deals with the problem of the one-
dimensional vertical ground water recharge
through porous media with parabolic
permeability of moisture content. After the
mathematical formulation of the problem we
get non-linear equation is

 Now we apply RDTM then we get solution in

series form is
Conti…
 Now we get Numerical solution & Graph by MatLab
𝛏 T=0 T = 0.1 T = 0.2 T = 0.3 T = 0.4 T = 0.5 T = 0.6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.1 0.06121 0.12159 0.18197 0.24235 0.30273 0.36312 0.42350

0.2 0.12885 0.19077 0.25270 0.31462 0.37655 0.43847 0.50039

0.3 0.20361 0.26617 0.32874 0.39130 0.45386 0.51643 0.57899

0.4 0.28623 0.34820 0.41017 0.47214 0.53411 0.59608 0.65805

0.5 0.37754 0.43727 0.49699 0.55672 0.61644 0.67617 0.73590

0.6 0.47845 0.53376 0.58907 0.64437 0.69968 0.75499 0.81029

0.7 0.58998 0.63803 0.68609 0.73414 0.78219 0.83024 0.87830

0.8 0.71324 0.75038 0.78752 0.82466 0.86180 0.89895 0.93609

0.9 0.84946 0.87100 0.89255 0.91410 0.93565 0.95720 0.97875

1 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000

Conti…
Saturation of injected liquid at different time & layers

1 0.9

0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
Sw
0.4
0.5

0.2 0.4

0 0.3
15
0.2
8
10
6 0.1
5 4
2 0
t 0 0
x

We conclude from the graph that as time increases, the

moisture content also increases at each point in the
basin and after sometime, it become constant. Also, at
particular time, optimum moisture content rises with
increase in length.
Conclusion & Aim of the thesis
 we have obtained the numerical results for
single and double phase immiscible fluid flow
through porous media concerning magnetic
fluid by Reduced differential transform
method. It is believed that all the numerical
results, graphs of each problem for every
method will initiate new direction of research
in fluid dynamics through porous media. Thus,
the proposed thesis gives bright explanation
of the known results.
Cont…
 RDTM doesn’t require any discretization,
linearization or small perturbations and
therefore it reduces significantly the numerical
computation. Comparing the methodology with
some known techniques shows that the present
approach is effective and power full. It can be
applied easily & less computational comparing
other method. So we reduce our work time by
RDTM compare to other methods. So it is
obvious that researcher’s first priority is RDTM.
So main aim of the proposed method is reduced
computational work compare to other ones.
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Thank You