INTRODUCTION TO POLYMERS

Dr. Prakash Trivedi

NPCIL, Mumbai
14th Jan 2003
 WHAT ARE POLYMERS?
• MOST ORGANIC/INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS ARE OF LOW MOLE.
WTS. <1000.
• POLYMERS HAVE MOLE. WTS.
RANGING FROM 10000 TO SEVERAL
MILLIONS! THEY ARE BUILT FROM
SMALL MOLECULES - MONOMERS -
BY COVALENT BONDS.
 POLYMERS
• POLYMERS CAN BE BROADLY DEVIDED
INTO:
• NATURAL & SYNTHETIC POLYMERS:
• SYNTHETIC POLYMERS CAN BE FURTHER
DEVIDED INTO:
• PLASTICS.
• ELASTOMERS OR RUBBERS.
• FIBERS.
• RESINS.
 NATURAL POLYMERS
• DNA/RNA: POLYPHOSPHATE
• PROTEINS, SILK, HAIR: POLYAMIDES
• WOOD, COTTON: CELLULOSICS
• NAT.RUBBER: POLYISOPRENES
 INORGANIC POLYMERS
• SILICONE OILS AND RUBBER
• POLYSULFIDES
• POLYPHOSPHAZENES
• HYBRIDES, SOL-GELS
 TYPES OF POLYMERS: 1
ELASTOMERS
• ELASTOMERS: Tg < -100 TO -20°C, NO OR
LOW CRYSYTALLINITY. NAT. RUBBER, PBd,
SBR, EPDM, NBR
• TOUGH, FLEXIBLE, RETRACTABLE,
RESISTANT TO OIL, SOLVENT, UV,
ABRASION.
• GENERALLY USED AS CROSS-LINKED
MATERIALS, WITH FILLERS ADDED.
• USED IN PLASTICS AS IMPACT MODIFIERS.
 TYPES OF POLYMERS: 2
FIBRES
• FIBRES: HIGH Tm & CRYSTALLINITY. PE,
PET, NYLONS, POLYIMIDES.
• HIGH STRENGTH, INFLEXIBLE, RESISTANT
TO CHEMICALS, WATER, DYEABLE
• STRUCTURELY SAME AS PLASTIC
COUNTERPARTS, ONLY MOLE. WTS ARE
DIFFERENT, USUALLY LOWER.
• ORIENTED GIVING HIGH CRYSTALLINITY
THAN THEIR PLASTICS COUNTERPARTS.
 TYPES OF POLYMERS: 3
RESINS
• RESINS: USED FOR COATINGS, PAINTS,
ADHESIVES, SEALENTS, GLUES.
• PVAc, ACRYLATES, CYANOACRYLATES,
PVC, SBS.
• SOLVENT OR EMULSION BASED OR HOT
MELTS, LOWER Tg, CAN BE CURED TO
GIVE TOUGH FILMS WHICH STICKS ON A
GIVEN SURFACE OR TWO SURFACES.
•
 TYPES OF POLYMERS: 4
THERMOSETS
• THERMOSETS: CROSSED LINKED
POLYMERS OF HIGH STRENGTH AND
THERMAL STABILITY.
• FORMALDEHYDE POLYMERS WITH
PHENOL, UREA, MELAMINE, EPOXY, PU,
POLYIMIDES.
• RESISTANT TO CHEMICALS, HEAT,
ABRASION, FLAME. GOOD ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES.
 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC
THERMOPLASTICS
• CRYSTALLINE/LOW Tg <25C, LOW Tm
<180°C: LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, PP.
• AMORPHOUS/HIGH Tg >50°C: PS, SAN, ABS,
PVC, PMMA, PVAc, PU.
• AMORPHOUS/V. HIGH Tg >130°C: PC, PPE,
PSU, PEI, PPSU, PES.
• CRYSTALLINE/HIGH Tm >150°C: PET, PBT,
POM, NYLONS, PPS, PTFE, LCP, PEEK.
 COMMODITY PLASTICS
• Tg0 C Tm0 C
• LDPE - 110
• HDPE - 130
• LLDPE - 130
• PP - 170
• PS/HIPS 100 ---
• PVC 80 ---
 ENGINEERING PLASTICS
• ABS, SAN, SMA, SPMI, SAMS, SMMA
• PMMA, PMI, CPVC
• PC, PCET – PC/PBT, PC/PET, PC/ABS
• PPE- PPE/PA, PPE/PP, PPE/HIPS
• POM, COPOM – IMP.POM
• PET, PTT, PBT – PET/PBT
• PA4.6, 6, 6.6, 11, 12 – PA/PP, PA/PO
• PU
 ENGINEERING PLASTICS-1
AMORPHOUS
• Tg C
• ABS, SAN 100-
• SMA 120
• PMMA/PMI 100-130
• PC/PC ESTER 130-
• PPE- HIPS BLEND 150-200
 ENGINEERING PLASTICS –2
CRYSTALLINE
• Tg Tm C
• PPE/PA 66 BLEND --- >250
• POM
• PET 56 256
• PBT 2
• PA 6 226
• PA 66 260
• PA 46 290
• PA 11 & 12 190
 SPECIALTY PLASTICS
• Tg Tm C
• POLYSULFONE 189 ---
• POLYETHER IMIDE 212 ---
• POLYPHENYL SULFONE 222 ---
• POLYETHER SULFONE 225 ---
• POLYPHENYL SULFIDE 80 288
• LCPs 150-180 280-380
• PEEK/PEK 145-165 340-365
 GCL
THERMOPLASTICS
PYRAMID
P
^ ^
D
E E
R PPSU PAEK V
C
F PES LCP R O
O P PSU E L
PPS
R R A U
M I S M
C PC PA E
A POM I
E PPE
N PET/PBT N
ABS
C G
E PMMA PS LLDPE HDPE
PVC LDPE

AMORPHOUS CRYSTALLINE
 POLYETHYLENES
• HOMOPOLYMERS - LDPE, HDPE. GAS
PHASE OR SLURRY PZN. USING FREE
RADICAL OR ZIEGLER-NATTA TYPE
CATALYSTS. MAJOR PLAYERS DOW,
EXXON, BOREALIS, BP, SOLVAY.
• LOWER DENSITY, GOOD TOUGHNESS
& ELONGATION, GOOD ELECTRICALS
SOLVENT RESISTANCE. EASY
PROCESSIBILITY.
• PACKAGING, COATING, ELE. CABLE
SHEATHS, PIPES, TANKS, W. SACKS
 POLYPROPYLENES
• GAS OR SLURRY PHASE ZIEGLER-
NATTA OR METALOCENE CATALYST
BP, BASEL, EXXON, SOLVAY, MOBILE
• TOUGH, V.LIGHT, CAN BE FIILED,
HIGH TEMP. RESISTANCE &
STRENGTH
• AUTO BUMPERS, DASHBOARDS,
EQUIPMENT PARTS, W. SACKS,
FURNITURE, FILMS, TAPES
FILAMENTS, PLUMBING, SPORTS
PP APPLICATIONS
 POLYSTYRENS
• PS HOMOPOLYMER, GRAFT WITH PBD
USING MASS, FREE RADICAL PZN.
• PBD USED FOR IMPACT IMPROVEMENTS.
• TRANSPARENT-OPAQUE , COLORABLE,
HIGH STRENGTH, HIGH GLOSS, GOOD
PROCESSIBILITY, ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES, GOOD RIGIDITY.
• APPLIANCES, PACKAGING, TOYS, FRIDGE
CABINETS, CUTLERY
 ABS
• GRAFT TERPOLYMER OF STYRENE,
ACRYLONITRILE & PBD PLUS
BLENDED SAN.
• HIGH IMPACT, HIGH GLOSS,HIGH
DIMENTION STABILITY,
COLORABILITY, CHEM. RESISTANCE.
• AUTO, OFFICE EQUIPMENTS, TOYS,
LUGGAGE, BLENDING WITH OTHER
PLASTICS LIKE PVC, PC, PSU.
 PVC
• SUSPENSION, MASS OR EMULSION PZN. OF
VCM. COPOLYMER WITH PROPYLENE
(<5%), VINYL ACETATE (<20%).
• RIGID, SEMIRIGID OR FLEXIBLE AS
PLASTICISED.
• PIPES & FITTINGS, WINDOW PROFILE,
CABLE INSULATION & SHEATH, SHOES,
LEATHERCLOTH, TOYS, LUGGEGE, TILES,
ETC.
 PMMA
• SUSPENSION AS BEADS OR MASS
PZN. AS SHEETS.
• HIGH STRENGTH, TRANSPARENT, UV
RESISTANT, HIGH GLOSS, BRIGHT
COLORS.
• AD BOARDS, AUTO LIGHTS, LENS,
BATHTUBS, GLAZZING, OPTICAL
CABLES, ADDITIVES.
 PET/PBT
• MASS PZN. OF PTA OR DMT WITH
MEG AND PTA/DBA. MNF. DUPONT,
ICI, BASF, AKZO, EASTMEN, BAYER
• HIGH STRENGTH & STIFFNESS, HIGH
CHEM. & CREEEP RESISTANCE, GOOD
PROCESSIBILITY, GLASS FILLING, V.
GOOD IMPACT, TRANSPARENCY.
• TEXTILES, INSULATION & MAGNETIC
TAPES, PHOTO FILMS, BOTTLES,
PACKAGING, ELE. MOLDINGS, AUTO
COMPONENTS, GEARS, APPLIANCES
 NYLONS
• MASS PZN. OF CAPROLACTAM FOR
NYLON 6 & ADIPIC ACID/HMDA FOR
NYLON 66. MANY COMBINATIONS
AVAILABLE FROM DUPONT, BASF,
DSM, HULS, ELF, ALLIED, AKZO,
• CRYSTALLINE, HIGH STRENGTH,
HIGH TEMP. SOLVENT, WEAR &
FRICTION RESISTANT, MACHINABLE
• FIBERS & FILAMENTS, GEARS, SEALS
BEARINGS, AUTOPARTS, BRISTLES
NETS, FILMS, IMPELORS, BLOWMOLD
CABLE JACKATING, BLENDING
 POM
• SOLUTION HOMO /CO PZN OF HCHO
& EO, BLENDING WITH RUBBER.
• HIGH TOUGHNESS, FRICTION/WEAR
& CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, PARTLY
CRYSTALLINE.
• PARTS OF EQUIPMENTS, GEARS,
SPOOLS, HOUSING, PUMPS, BEARING,
AUDIO/VIDEO PARTS.
 PPE BLENDS
• SOLUTION PZN. OF XYLENOL USING
CATALYST/AIR.
• DIFFICULT TO MOLD/PROCESS AS
SUCH.
• BLENDS WITH POLYSTYRENE,
NYLONS, PP ARE POPULAR. V. GOOD
ELECTRICAL, H2O RESISTANCE.
• GE PLASTICS, ASAHI CHEM.
 PC
• INTERFACIAL PZN. OF BISPHENOL A +
PHOSGENE OR MASS PZN OF
DIPHENYL CARBONATE WITH BIS A.
MNF. GEP, BAYER, DOW, TEIJIN
• MOST IMPACT RESISTANT, HIGH
STRENGTH, CRYSTAL CLEAR, GOOD
ELECTRICALS, WEATHERING,
COLORABLE
• OPTICAL DATA STORAGE, WINDOWS,
TRAFIC LIGHTS, REFLECTORS,
GREEN HOUSES, AUTOBODY,
HELMETS, GLASS REPLACEMENT
 PU
• CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION OF
MGI/PDI WITH POLYOL USING DIAMINE
CHAIN EXTENSION.
• MAJOR PLAYERS
BASF, BAYER, GOODRICH, ICI
• VERSATILE IN RANGE OF HARDNESS,
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, CAN BE FOAMED.
• FOAMS USED AS INSULATION, CUSHIONING
FOR CARPET, FURNITURE, AUTOMOBILES.
• ELASTOMERS: FOOTWEAR, MACHINERY
HOUSINGS.
 POLYSULFONES
• HIGH TEMP. SOLUTION PZN. OF
DCDPS WITH DIHYDROXY COMP.
MNF. BY SOLVAY, BASF, SUMITOMO
• V.HIGH STRENGTH, IMPACT,
TRANSPARENCY, FLAME, SOLVENT,
TEMP., RADIATION,HYDROLYSIS
RESISTANCE, AMBER, AMORPHOUS
• MEDICAL, MEMBRANE, COATINGS,
ELECTRONIC/ELECTRICAL, FOOD,
PLUMBING, INTERIORS
 PPS
• HIGH TEMP. PZN OF DCB WITH Na2S
IN NMP WITH CAT. MADE BY
PHILLIPS, TICONA, DAICEL
• HIGH STRENGTH & STIFFNESS, PART
CRYSTALLINE, HIGH FILLING, HIGH
RTI, V. HIGH SOLVENT, FLAME, HEAT
RESISTANT, ELECTRICAL PROPERTY
• AUTOPARTS, IMPELLORS, VALVES,
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS,
COATING, MOLDED GOODS
 LCP
• MASS OR SLURRY PZN. AT V.HIGH
TEMP. GIVING LC POLYESTERS BY
DUPONT, TICONA, SOLVAY,
SUMITOMO,
• V.LOW VISCOSITY AT PROCESSING
TEMP. GIVING V.HIGH FLOW,
STRENGTH IN FLOW DIRECTION,
HIGH FILLER CONTENT
• ELE. CONNECTORS, MOLDED GOODS,
BLENDING, FILMS
 AROM. POLYIMIDES
• SOLUTION PZN. TO POLYAMIC ACID
• SHAPED ARTICLES CONVERTED INTO
PI PRODUCTS LONG ANNEALING
CYCLES
• CASTING INTO FILM, INJ. MOLDING
• DUPONT, SOLVAY.
• OUTSTANDING THERMAL,
CHEMICAL, WEAR RESISTANCE.
 PTFE
• SUSPENSION PZN. OF TFE. ALSO
AVAILABLE AS COPO. MAJOR
PLAYERS DUPONT, AUSIMONT
• EXTREMELY INERT TO CHEMICALS,
HIGHLY CRYSTALLINE, MALEABLE,
NEEDS SP. PROCESSING, HIGH TEMP.
FLAME, FRICTION RESISTANT
• RODS, TAPES, VALVES, PIPE LININGS,
TUBES, CABLE INSULATION
 PEEK
• PZN. OF DFBP WITH HYDROQUINONE
AT 340C IN DPS BY VICTREX. PZN OF
PEEK ACID DERIVATIVE IN ACIDS AT
LOW TEMP. BY GCL.
• HIGHEST RTI, HIGH SOLVENT, FLAME
WEAR RESISTANCE, ELECTRICALS,
HIGH STREGTH, FILLED GRADES,
• FILAMENTS, STOCK SHAPE, GEARS,
VALVE SEATS, MOLDINGS FOR
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC, FILMS,
INDUSTRIAL COMPONENTS FROM GATONE™ PEEK
 INDIAN SCENARIO: 1
• LDPE: IPCL
• HDPE: IPCL, RIL, GAIL, HALDIA
• LLDPE: IPCL, RIL, GAIL, HALDIA
• PP: RIL, IPCL, HALDIA
• PS/HIPS: LG, SUPREME, BASF
• PVC: RIL, IPCL, SRC, FINOLEX,
CHEMPLAST
• ABS: BAYER, BHANSALI
• PMMA: GSFC
 INDIAN SCENARIO: 2
• PET: DSM, PEARL, RIL.
• NYLON 6: GSFC, SRF.
• PTFE: HIND. FLUORO.
• PI: ABR ORG.
• PES, PSU, PPSU, PEEK: GHARDA.
• SP. COMOUNDERS: GEP, DUPONT,
DSM, GHARDA, SRF.
 GCL

POLYMER PLANT AT PANOLI,GUJAR

ISO-9001 2000 CERTIFIED
GHARDA CHEMICALS LTD.

SPECIALTY POLYMERS
GAFONE™PES GAFONE™-S PSU

GAFONE™-P PPSU GATONE™PEEK

 For more information

VISIT US AT
www.ghardapolymers.com
mail us at: polymer@gharda.com