Any or a group of organic compounds

required in small quantities in the diet

that are essential for normal growth and
nutrition.
Most of the vitamins are closely associated
with a corresponding vitamin deficiency
disease.

deficiency leads to diseases of

the bones such as osteoporosis and rickets.

deficiency is common throughout

the poorer parts of the world, and causes
night blindness.
Born: February 23, 1884, Poland
Died: November 20, 1967, United
States
Education: University of Berne
Christiaan Eijkman Sir Frederick Hopkins
Born: February 23,
1893, Budapest, Hungary.
 ,

Haldan K. Hartline Ragnar Granit George Wald

 Vitamin Chemical Deficiency Disease/Symptoms
Name
Vitamin A Retinol Night blindness, Hyperkeratosis
Vitamin B1 Thiamine Beriberi

Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid Scurvy

Vitamin D Calciferol Rickets and Osteomalacia

Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Ariboflavinosis

Vitamin E Tocoferol Mild hemolytic anaemia in newborn

Vitamin
B12 Cobalamins Megaloblastic anemia
 Vitamin Chemical Name Deficiency Disease/Symptoms

Vitamin K Phylloquinone Bleeding diathesis

Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Paresthesia

Vitamin B7 Biotin Dermatitis, Enteritis

Vitamin B6 Pyridoxin Anaemia, Peripheral neuropathy

Vitamin B3 Niacin Pellagra

Vitamin B9 Folic Acid Birth defect during pregnancy

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
The B Vitamins (8)
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Vitamin K
Folinic acid Folic acid

5-methyl
tetrahydrofolate
 Vitamin Vitamer chemical name(s) or chemical
Generic class of compounds (list not complete)
Descriptor
Name

Retinol, retinal, and four carotenoids:

the carotenes alpha-carotene, beta-
Vit amin A
carotene, gamma-carotene; and
the xanthophyll beta-cryptoxanthin

Vit amin B1 Thiamine, Thiamine pyrophosphate

Riboflavin, Flavin
Vit amin B2 mononucleotide (FMN), Flavin adenine
dinucleotide (FAD)
 Vitamin Vitamer chemical name(s) or chemical
Generic class of compounds
Descriptor (list not complete)
Name
Vit amin B3 Niacin, niacinamide
Vit amin B5 Pantothenic acid
Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal,
Vit amin B6
pyridoxal 5-phosphate
Vit amin B7 Biotin
 Vitamin Vitamer chemical name(s) or chemical
Generic class of compounds (list not complete)
Descriptor
Name
Folic acid, folinic acid, 5-
Vit amin B9
Methyltetrahydrofolate
Cyanocobalamin, Hydroxocobalamin,
Vi t a m i n B12
Methylcobalamin, Adenosylcobalamin
Ascorbic acid, Dehydroascorbic
Vit amin C acid, Calcium ascorbate, Sodium
ascorbate, other salts of Ascorbic acid
 Vitamin Vitamer chemical name(s) or chemical
Generic class of compounds (list not complete)
Descriptor
Name
Vit amin D Ergocalciferol (D2), Cholecalciferol (D3)
Tocopherols (d-alpha, d-beta, d-gamma,
Vit amin E
and d-delta-tocopherol), tocotrienols
Phylloquinone
Vit amin K (K1), Menaquinones (K2), Menadiones
(K3)
Antivitamins are substances that interfere with
the normal metabolism or function of vitamins,
or destroy them.

i) a structural analogue of the vitamin

ii) a competitive inhibitor of the vitamin's action

Binds to the vitamin with very high affinity.

Avidin binds to Biotin ( Vitamin B7) with very high affinity
Dicumarol and hydrocumarol are used to relieve
thrombosis (abnormal formation of blood clots
in the blood vessels). They act as anticoagulants
by interfering with the natural clotting factors.

Aminopterin and Methotrexate, potent

antagonist of Folic Acid, are used to treat
leukemia and cancer.

Aminopterin Methotrexate Folic Acid

  Hormone-like functions
R e g u l a t o r s o f m i n e r a l m e t a b o l i s m ( e . g ., v i t a m i n D )
Regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation
( e . g ., s o m e f o r m s o f v i t a m i n A )

 Antioxidants
Vitamin E and sometimes Vitamin C
 Precursors for enzyme cofactors
Prosthetic group: Biotin in fatty acid metabolism
Carriers of various forms of carbon group:

Folic Acid carries methyl,

methylene and formyl groups
Hypervitaminosis, also called vitamin poisoning,
refers to a condition of high storage levels of vitamins,
which can lead to toxic symptoms. An excess of
vitamin A, for example, is called hypervitaminosis A.

Hypervitaminosis usually occurs more with fat-soluble

vitamins, which are stored in the liver and fatty
t i s s u e s o f t h e b o d y.

Foods rarely deliver dangerous levels of fat -soluble

vitamins.

G e n e r a l l y, t o x i c l e v e l s o f v i t a m i n s a r e a c h i e v e d
through high supplement intake and not from dietary
sources.
 Vitamins are organic compounds required
in small quantities in the diet for normal
growth and nutrition.

 A compound that is vitamin to one may not

b e v i t a m i n t o a n o t h e r.

 Every vitamin is associated with a disease

symptom.
 At present, 13 compounds are universally
recognized as vitamins. Vitamins A,D,E,K are
fat soluble while vitamin C and eight B
vitamins are water soluble.
 Vitamers are compounds with vitamin –like
activities. Each vitamins can have several
vitamers.
 Antivitamins are substances that interfere with
the normal metabolism or function of vitamins,
or destroy them.

 Antivitamins have strong therapeutic potential.

 Hypervitaminosis refers to a condition of high

storage levels of vitamins which can lead
to toxic symptoms.

 Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions.

They can behave like hormones, can act as
antioxidants or take part in enzymatic
reactions as cofactors.
Common chimpanzee Capybara
(Pan troglodytes) (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)
Philippine tarsier Red-vented Bulbul
(Carlito syrichta) (Pycnonotus cafer)
N o r m al vi si o n Vision with
night blindness
"Night Blindness" also called Nyctalopia is
a condition making it difficult or
impossible to see in relatively low light. It
can be described as insufficient adaptation
to darkness.
People with night blindness often have
trouble seeing stars on a clear night or
walking through a dark room, such as a
movie theater.
A major cause of night blindness is vitamin
A deficiency.
HBMS Salisbury (1746)
White-rice diet Enriched diet
376 crewmen 14 contracted beriberi
161 contracted beriberi None died
25 died

RyuJo, the battleship Tsukuba,a training ship

of the Japanese navy of the Japanese navy
Practical training in
English medicine from
the English physician
William Willis (in Japan
1861 to 1881).

5 years at St. Thomas's

Hospital Medical School
in London.
Avidin is a tetrameric or dimeric
biotin-binding protein, with a
dissociation constant of KD ≈

10−15 M, one of the strongest

known
non-covalent interaction
 Biotin

Av i d i n - B i o t i n c o m p l e x
Vital + Amine = Vitamine

Vitamin
Diseases are caused by germs (infectious agents)

TO EXPLAIN HOW BERIBERI WAS

CAUSED A NEW THEORY OF
DISEASE WAS DEVELOPED: