Radio Resources Management in WCDMA System

Objectives
 At the end of the module you will be able to :

Describe the purpose of RRM

List the RRM functional entities
RRM algorithms Objectives
Different RRM and their functions

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

 This presentation covers

 What is a Radio Resource Unit

 What is RRM

 Why do we need RRM ?

 Need of RRM in WCDMA ?

 RRM algorithms Objectives

 What are the different RRM ?

Summary

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
 What is a Radio Resource Unit ?

A Radio Resource Unit (RRU) is the set of basic physical transmission parameters
necessary to support a signal waveform transporting end-user information

FDMA CDMA
TDMA

Power Power
Power

CDMA: uses Frequency Band, codes,

TDMA: uses Frequency Band and Time slots
FDMA: uses Frequency Band and power level

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

 Radio Resource Management

 Radio Resource management is responsible for the optimal utilization of the air interface resources

 In a multiservice scenario, each service may require that a different amount of radio
resource units are supported. Services with higher bit rates will, consequently,
require more radio resource units.

 The use of several different services at the same time raises the demands for mechanisms
to guarantee Quality of Service (QoS) for each application

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
Why do we need Radio Resource Management?

 The planned coverage for each targeted service

 High capacity i.e. low blocking (new calls, handovers)

 The required Quality of Service (QoS)

 Optimize the use of available capacity (priorities)

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
 Why do we need Radio Resource Management?

 In WCDMA, users transmit at the same time and frequency by means of different orthogonal
spreading sequences
 The maximum available capacity in case of WCDMA is tightly coupled to the amount of
interference in the air interface

 Within a WCDMA cell, all users share the common bandwidth and each new connection
increases the interference level of other connections, affecting their quality expressed in terms of
a certain Eb/No

 One of the most important RRM tasks is to guarantee that every single connection achieves the
target Eb/No that ensures the BER requirement

 The RRM functions need to adjust dynamically with : number of simultaneous users, Bit Rate and
Power Level.

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
 RRM Functional Split

RRM is made up of a number of closely interdependent functions (i.e. algorithms)

These functions can be divided into;

Cell Based Connection Based

 Load control (LC)
 Power control (POC)
 Admission control (AC)
 Handover control (HOC)
 Packet scheduling (PS)
 Resource manager (RM)
 High Speed Downlink Packet Access

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
 Admission control (AC)

 Admission control decides the admission or rejection of requests for set-up and reconfiguration of
radio bearers

 AC sets quality and power parameters for the radio link, for example
 UL/DL BLER, Eb/No targets, SIR target
 Initial DL transmission power

VIETTEL CAMEROUN S.A, Radio Department

 Packet scheduling (PS)

 The packet scheduler takes care of scheduling radio resources for non-real time radio bearers for
both the uplink and the downlink directions

 Packet Scheduler consists of multiple different functions which can be categorized based on the
scope of the function
 UE-specific part:
Functions working based on single radio link/bearer status, measurements and conditions
 Cell-specific part:
Functions working based on cell level measurements and conditions

VIETTEL CAMEROUN S.A, Radio Department

 Packet scheduling (PS)

Scheduled bit rates :

Bit rate upgrading
The dedicated channel of a non-real time (NRT) radio access bearer (RAB) can be upgraded due to
 High amount of data in buffer – Capacity request/ Bit rate upgrade
 High utilization/throughput – Flexible upgrade of the NRT DCH data rate

Bit rate downgrading

The dedicated channel of a non-real time (NRT) radio access bearer (RAB) can be downgraded or released
due to multiple causes
 Low utilization/throughput – Throughput-based optimization of the packet scheduler
 Maximum bit rate limitation – Another RAB is setup for the same UE
 Inactivity of the radio bearer

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
Packet Scheduler actions during call in unloaded and loaded cells

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
 Load control (LC)
The congestion or load control (LC) algorithm will reside in the network side (RNC) and
will be based on measurements acting as algorithm inputs (e.g. uplink cell load factor, downlink
transmitted power, etc.)

The load control function within RRM can be divided:

 Preventative load control (e.g. congestion)
 Overload control (e.g. dropping of calls in worst case)

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
 Load control (LC)
Load Estimation Methods
 Actual prevailing load in the cell depends on multiple factors
 Number of active connections
 Properties of the connections e.g. (Bit rate, Eb/No requirement )
 Different methods can be applied to measure/estimate prevailing load conditions, e.g.
 Throughput Based Load Estimation
The downlink load of the cell can be estimated by using the sum of the downlink allocated bit rates

The uplink load of the cell can be estimated by using the sum of the load factors of the users connected to this cell.
 Power Based Load Estimation
The downlink load of the cell can be estimated by dividing the total downlink transmission power,
Ptx_total by the maximum Node B transmission power Ptx_BTS,max.

The uplink load can be estimated with Prx_noise, the background and receiver noise and Prx_total, the total received
power

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
 Load control (LC)
Preventative and Overload Threshold DL

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
 Load control (LC)
Preventative and Overload Threshold UL

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
 Power control (POC)

 Since WCDMA system is interference limited it is beneficial to reduce transmission power as far as possible.
 The transmission power should be controlled in order that it should not block other subscribers

 One subscriber’s signal is a noise to the other

 Thus, the target of power control (PC) is to achieve the minimum signal-to interference ratio (SIR) that is
required to offer sufficient quality of the connection.

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
 Power control (POC)

Example of power level when different services from different terminals are combine

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
 Power control (POC)

Three Methods of Power Control

Open loop

Inner loop (closed loop)

Outer loop (closed loop)

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
 Power control (POC)

Illustration of where the different power controls happen

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
Location of RRM mechanism

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
 SUMMARY

 Power control (POC): minimized the power level in the air interface and provide adequate quality of signal

 Admission control (AC): Guarantee the QoS and maximize the system’s throughput by controlling the
admission of a new call.

 Packet scheduling (PS): its control instantaneous bit rate especially for NRT traffics

 Load control (LC):Maintain the congestion below a certain threshold and ensures that the system is not
overloaded.

 Note: There are 2 More RRM mechanism that is not yet cover in this presentation : Handover Control
and Resource Manager

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department
 END
Thanks for your Attention

&

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department

VIETTEL CEMAROUN S.A, Radio Department